ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2014
Plastidial transporters KEA1, -2, and -3 are essential for chloroplast osmoregulation, integrity, and pH regulation in Arabidopsis.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 111 papers.
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111 citing papers in PubMed, 275 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Regulatory plasticity balances photosynthetic electron flow with enhanced pH-dependent cytochrome b6f control in Arabidopsis.Plant physiology · 2026Article
- Genome-wide identification and salt stress-induced expression analysis of the NHX gene family in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.).BMC plant biology · 2026Article
- What are grana in chloroplasts of vascular plants good for?Annals of botany · 2026Review
- Potassium-Solubilizing Bacteria Mediate Light-Potassium Synergy to Enable Native Pueraria lobata to Outcompete Invasive Mikania micrantha.Microbial ecology · 2026Article
- Vacuolar K⁺ efflux transporter TaTPK1-5D confers low-K⁺ tolerance of 'Zhengmai 136' through interaction with TaCIPK23-4D in bread wheat.TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik · 2025Article
- Illuminating the subcellular maze: fluorescence-activated organelle sorting in plant sciences.Journal of experimental botany · 2025Review
- Catch & Release-rapid cost-effective protein purification from plants using a DIY GFP-Trap-protease approach.The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology · 2025Article
- Genome-wide analysis of cation-proton antiporter (CPA) family involved in salt stress tolerance in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.).Molecular biology reports · 2025Article
- Concentration-Dependent N-P Interactions Cause Organ-Specific Responses and Nutrient Allocation in Poplar Seedlings.Plants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- A KRice (New York, N.Y.) · 2025Article
- A deficient CP24 allele defines variation for dynamic nonphotochemical quenching and photosystem II efficiency in maize.The Plant cell · 2025Article
- The chloroplast-located HKT transporter plays an important role in fertilization and development in Physcomitrium patens.The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology · 2025Article
- Article
- Diatoms exhibit dynamic chloroplast calcium signals in response to high light and oxidative stress.Plant physiology · 2024Article
- Na + -driven pH regulation by Na+/H+ antiporters promotes photosynthetic efficiency in cyanobacteria.Plant physiology · 2024Article
- Identifying the gene responsible for non-photochemical quenching reversal in Phaeodactylum tricornutum.The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology · 2024Article
- Dissecting structure and function of the monovalent cation/HJournal of bacteriology · 2024Article
51 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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7 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Multiple K(+) transporters and channels and the corresponding mutants have been described and studied in the plasma membrane and organelle membranes of plant cells. However, knowledge about the molecular identity of chloroplast K(+) transporters is limited. Potassium transport and a well-balanced K(+) homeostasis were suggested to play important roles in chloroplast function. Because no loss-of-function mutants have been identified, the importance of K(+) transporters for chloroplast function and photosynthesis remains to be determined. Here, we report single and higher-order loss-of-function mutants in members of the cation/proton antiporters-2 antiporter superfamily KEA1, KEA2, and KEA3. KEA1 and KEA2 proteins are targeted to the inner envelope membrane of chloroplasts, whereas KEA3 is targeted to the thylakoid membrane. Higher-order but not single mutants showed increasingly impaired photosynthesis along with pale green leaves and severely stunted growth. The pH component of the proton motive force across the thylakoid membrane was significantly decreased in the kea1kea2 mutants, but increased in the kea3 mutant, indicating an altered chloroplast pH homeostasis. Electron microscopy of kea1kea2 leaf cells revealed dramatically swollen chloroplasts with disrupted envelope membranes and reduced thylakoid membrane density. Unexpectedly, exogenous NaCl application reversed the observed phenotypes. Furthermore, the kea1kea2 background enables genetic analyses of the functional significance of other chloroplast transporters as exemplified here in kea1kea2Na(+)/H(+) antiporter1 (nhd1) triple mutants. Taken together, the presented data demonstrate a fundamental role of inner envelope KEA1 and KEA2 and thylakoid KEA3 transporters in chloroplast osmoregulation, integrity, and ion and pH homeostasis.
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