ArticleJAMA2014
Prevalence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes among children and adolescents from 2001 to 2009.
Article in JAMA, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 3 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 688 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Development of Novel Biomarkers for the Early Diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes
Defining the Role of Management Factors in Outcome Disparity in Pediatric T1D
Family Inclusive Childhood Obesity Treatment Designed for Low Income and Hispanic Families
Who cites it
688 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 1,409 citations in OpenAlex.
- Global Prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy in Pediatric Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.JAMA network open · 2023Pooled it
- The Prevalence of Obesity Among Children With Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.JAMA network open · 2022Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Prevalence of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Patients With Pediatric Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.JAMA network open · 2022Pooled it
- Comparative efficacy and safety of glucose-lowering drugs in children and adolescents with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Pooled it
- An RCT of a family intervention for adolescents living with type 1 diabetes: Who benefits most?Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association · 2026Trial
- Systemic and gut microbiome changes with metformin and liraglutide in youth-onset type 2 diabetes: the MIGHTY study.Gut microbes · 2025Trial
- Empagliflozin and left atrial function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease: insight from the EMPA-HEART CardioLink-6 randomized clinical trial.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2024Trial
- Early-Onset Type 2 Diabetes and Tirzepatide Treatment: A Post Hoc Analysis From the SURPASS Clinical Trial Program.Diabetes care · 2024Trial
- Glycemia and Gluconeogenesis With Metformin and Liraglutide: A Randomized Trial in Youth-onset Type 2 Diabetes.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2024Trial
- Associations between maternal and offspring glucose metabolism: a 9-year follow-up of a randomised controlled trial.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Trial
- Promoting glycemic control in young children with type I diabetes: Results from a pilot intervention for parents.Families, systems & health : the journal of collaborative family healthcare · 2022Trial
- Using Momentary Assessment and Machine Learning to Identify Barriers to Self-management in Type 1 Diabetes: Observational Study.JMIR mHealth and uHealth · 2022Trial
- Telehealth Education via WeChat Improves the Quality of Life of Parents of Children with Type-1 Diabetes Mellitus.Applied clinical informatics · 2022Trial
- Prevalence of chronic conditions among children and adolescents-register data and self-reports.European journal of pediatrics · 2026Article
- Hemoglobin A1c Screening Practices and Characteristics in Youth with Congenital Heart Disease.Pediatric cardiology · 2026Article
- Islet Autoantibody Patterns Vary by Race and Ethnicity and Area Deprivation Index for Individuals at Risk for Type 1 Diabetes.Diabetes care · 2026Article
- lncRNA Gm10451 mediates β-cell functional impairment in type 1 diabetes through the miR-24-3p/G6PD axis.Endocrine · 2026Article
- Linking pediatric obesity to youth-onset type 2 diabetes: integrated longitudinal and cross-sectional evidence from population-based studies worldwide.Clinical and experimental pediatrics · 2026Article
- Article
628 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
18 authors at 9 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
importanceDespite concern about an "epidemic," there are limited data on trends in prevalence of either type 1 or type 2 diabetes across US race and ethnic groups.
objectiveTo estimate changes in the prevalence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in US youth, by sex, age, and race/ethnicity between 2001 and 2009. DESIGN, SETTING, AND
participantsCase patients were ascertained in 4 geographic areas and 1 managed health care plan. The study population was determined by the 2001 and 2009 bridged-race intercensal population estimates for geographic sites and membership counts for the health plan. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Prevalence (per 1000) of physician-diagnosed type 1 diabetes in youth aged 0 through 19 years and type 2 diabetes in youth aged 10 through 19 years.
resultsIn 2001, 4958 of 3.3 million youth were diagnosed with type 1 diabetes for a prevalence of 1.48 per 1000 (95% CI, 1.44-1.52). In 2009, 6666 of 3.4 million youth were diagnosed with type 1 diabetes for a prevalence of 1.93 per 1000 (95% CI, 1.88-1.97). In 2009, the highest prevalence of type 1 diabetes was 2.55 per 1000 among white youth (95% CI, 2.48-2.62) and the lowest was 0.35 per 1000 in American Indian youth (95% CI, 0.26-0.47) and type 1 diabetes increased between 2001 and 2009 in all sex, age, and race/ethnic subgroups except for those with the lowest prevalence (age 0-4 years and American Indians). Adjusted for completeness of ascertainment, there was a 21.1% (95% CI, 15.6%-27.0%) increase in type 1 diabetes over 8 years. In 2001, 588 of 1.7 million youth were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes for a prevalence of 0.34 per 1000 (95% CI, 0.31-0.37). In 2009, 819 of 1.8 million were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes for a prevalence of 0.46 per 1000 (95% CI, 0.43-0.49). In 2009, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes was 1.20 per 1000 among American Indian youth (95% CI, 0.96-1.51); 1.06 per 1000 among black youth (95% CI, 0.93-1.22); 0.79 per 1000 among Hispanic youth (95% CI, 0.70-0.88); and 0.17 per 1000 among white youth (95% CI, 0.15-0.20). Significant increases occurred between 2001 and 2009 in both sexes, all age-groups, and in white, Hispanic, and black youth, with no significant changes for Asian Pacific Islanders and American Indians. Adjusted for completeness of ascertainment, there was a 30.5% (95% CI, 17.3%-45.1%) overall increase in type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Between 2001 and 2009 in 5 areas of the United States, the prevalence of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes among children and adolescents increased. Further studies are required to determine the causes of these increases.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.