Trial reportEuropean journal of nutrition2015
Randomized controlled trial of oral glutathione supplementation on body stores of glutathione.
Trial report in European journal of nutrition, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT02948673 (The Production of Reactive Oxygen Species in Response to Glutathione Supplementation and Acute Exercise in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes), which is not on this map. Cited by 65 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The Production of Reactive Oxygen Species in Response to Glutathione Supplementation and Acute Exercise in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Who cites it
65 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 115 citations in OpenAlex.
- Glutathione in Skin Aging and Tissue Regeneration: A Systematic Review of Molecular Mechanisms, Redox Modulation, and Biomedical Implications.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Pooled it
- Effect of anNutrients · 2026Trial
- Oral administration of cysteine peptides attenuates UV-B-induced skin erythema and pigmentation in humans.Scientific reports · 2024Trial
- Combined Citrulline and Glutathione Supplementation Improves Endothelial Function and Blood Pressure Reactivity in Postmenopausal Women.Nutrients · 2023Trial
- Impact of Glutathione and Vitamin B-6 in Cirrhosis Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial and Follow-Up Study.Nutrients · 2020Trial
- International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: effects of dietary antioxidants on exercise and sports performance.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2026Review
- Unravelling the Therapeutic Potential of Cysteine for Cardiovascular Health.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Safety of S-acetyl glutathione as an novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283.EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority · 2026Article
- Efficacy and Safety of Glutathione Supplementation in Type 2 Diabetes & Diabetes Complications.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Glutathione for skin lightening via intravenous, oral, and topical routes: a critical narrative review of current evidence, safety, and the evidence-practice gap.Journal of medicine and life · 2026Review
- Antioxidants and Exercise: A Redox-Informed Framework for Training Adaptation, Performance, and Recovery.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Metabolic Flux Adaptations During GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Therapy: Redox Implications.Current obesity reports · 2026Review
- A Targeted Metabolomic Assessment of Oral Glutathione Bioavailability and Safety in Humans: A Randomized Crossover Clinical Trial.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Efficacy and Safety of Glutathione Supplementation in Patients with HIV Infection and HIV-Tuberculosis Co-Infection.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Glutathione-Mediated Redox Regulation of Immune Dysfunction in COVID-19 and Tuberculosis.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Identification and Validation of Promising Targets and Inhibitors of Biofilm Formation inPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- A Cytotoxic Indazole-based Gold(III) Carboxamide Pincer Complex Targeting DNA Through Dual Binding Modes of Groove Binding and Alkylation.Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2025Article
- Glutathione's Role in Liver Metabolism and Hangover Symptom Relief: Dysregulation of Protein S-Glutathionylation and Antioxidant Enzymes.Biomolecules & therapeutics · 2025Article
- Glutathione and Selenium Supplementation Attenuates Liver Injury in Diethylnitrosamine-Induced Hepatocarcinogenic Mice by Enhancing Glutathione-Related Antioxidant Capacities.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- GSH and Ferroptosis: Side-by-Side Partners in the Fight against Tumors.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
5 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeGlutathione (GSH), the most abundant endogenous antioxidant, is a critical regulator of oxidative stress and immune function. While oral GSH has been shown to be bioavailable in laboratory animal models, its efficacy in humans has not been established. Our objective was to determine the long-term effectiveness of oral GSH supplementation on body stores of GSH in healthy adults.
methodsA 6-month randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of oral GSH (250 or 1,000 mg/day) on GSH levels in blood, erythrocytes, plasma, lymphocytes and exfoliated buccal mucosal cells was conducted in 54 non-smoking adults. Secondary outcomes on a subset of subjects included a battery of immune markers.
resultsGSH levels in blood increased after 1, 3 and 6 months versus baseline at both doses. At 6 months, mean GSH levels increased 30-35 % in erythrocytes, plasma and lymphocytes and 260 % in buccal cells in the high-dose group (P < 0.05). GSH levels increased 17 and 29 % in blood and erythrocytes, respectively, in the low-dose group (P < 0.05). In most cases, the increases were dose and time dependent, and levels returned to baseline after a 1-month washout period. A reduction in oxidative stress in both GSH dose groups was indicated by decreases in the oxidized to reduced glutathione ratio in whole blood after 6 months. Natural killer cytotoxicity increased >twofold in the high-dose group versus placebo (P < 0.05) at 3 months.
conclusionsThese findings show, for the first time, that daily consumption of GSH supplements was effective at increasing body compartment stores of GSH.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.