ArticleInternational journal of nanomedicine2014
Comparative toxicological assessment of PAMAM and thiophosphoryl dendrimers using embryonic zebrafish.
Article in International journal of nanomedicine, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed.
- Dendrimers-based Hydrogels and Nanogels for Drug Delivery.Current pharmaceutical biotechnology · 2026Review
- Drug Design and Delivery for Intracellular Bacteria: Emerging Paradigms.Drug development research · 2025Review
- Review of Current Achievements in Dendrimers and Nanomaterials for Potential Detection and Remediation of Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Contamination-Integration with Artificial Intelligence and Remote Sensing Technologies.Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Reproductive Toxicity of Nanoparticles: A Comprehensive Review.Current medicinal chemistry · 2025Review
- Current Advances in Nanocarriers for Cancer Therapy.International journal of nanomedicine · 2025Review
- Anti-biofilm, drug delivery and cytotoxicity properties of dendrimers.ADMET & DMPK · 2024Review
- Dendrimers and Derivatives as Multifunctional Nanotherapeutics for Alzheimer's Disease.Pharmaceutics · 2023Review
- A Glimpse into Dendrimers Integration in Cancer Imaging and Theranostics.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Review
- Polycationic PAMAM ameliorates obesity-associated chronic inflammation and focal adiposity.Biomaterials · 2023Article
- Mixed-surface polyamidoamine polymer variants retain nucleic acid-scavenger ability with reduced toxicity.iScience · 2022Article
- Dendrimer-based drug delivery systems: history, challenges, and latest developments.Journal of biological engineering · 2022Review
- Safety Challenges and Application Strategies for the Use of Dendrimers in Medicine.Pharmaceutics · 2022Review
- Retrovirus Drugs-Loaded PEGylated PAMAM for Prolonging Drug Release and Enhancing Efficiency in HIV Treatment.Polymers · 2021Article
- Dendritic Hydrogels Induce Immune Modulation in Human Keratinocytes and Effectively Eradicate Bacterial Pathogens.Journal of the American Chemical Society · 2021Article
- A pilot study of the antiviral activity of anionic and cationic polyamidoamine dendrimers against the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus.Journal of medical virology · 2020Article
- Click cross-linking improves retention and targeting of refillable alginate depots.Acta biomaterialia · 2020Article
- A Mixed-Surface Polyamidoamine Dendrimer for In Vitro and In Vivo Delivery of Large Plasmids.Pharmaceutics · 2020Article
- Let's get small (and smaller): Combining zebrafish and nanomedicine to advance neuroregenerative therapeutics.Advanced drug delivery reviews · 2019Review
- Cytotoxicity of Dendrimers.Biomolecules · 2019Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Dendrimers are well-defined, polymeric nanomaterials currently being investigated for biomedical applications such as medical imaging, gene therapy, and tissue targeted therapy. Initially, higher generation (size) dendrimers were of interest because of their drug carrying capacity. However, increased generation was associated with increased toxicity. The majority of studies exploring dendrimer toxicity have focused on a small range of materials using cell culture methods, with few studies investigating the toxicity across a wide range of materials in vivo. The objective of the present study was to investigate the role of surface charge and generation in dendrimer toxicity using embryonic zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a model vertebrate. Due to the generational and charge effects observed at the cellular level, higher generation cationic dendrimers were hypothesized to be more toxic than lower generation anionic or neutral dendrimers with the same core composition. Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers elicited significant morbidity and mortality as generation was decreased. No significant adverse effects were observed from the suite of thiophosphoryl dendrimers studied. Exposure to ≥50 ppm cationic PAMAM dendrimers G3-amine, G4-amine, G5-amine, and G6-amine caused 100% mortality by 24 hours post-fertilization. Cationic PAMAM G6-amine at 250 ppm was found to be statistically more toxic than both neutral PAMAM G6-amidoethanol and anionic PAMAM G6-succinamic acid at the same concentration. The toxicity observed within the suite of varying dendrimers provides evidence that surface charge may be the best indicator of dendrimer toxicity. Dendrimer class and generation are other potential contributors to the toxicity of dendrimers. Further studies are required to better understand the relative role each plays in driving the toxicity of dendrimers. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first in vivo study to address such a broad range of dendrimers.
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Registered trials
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