ArticlePloS one2014
Retinoic acid and GM-CSF coordinately induce retinal dehydrogenase 2 (RALDH2) expression through cooperation between the RAR/RXR complex and Sp1 in dendritic cells.
Article in PloS one, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed.
- The gut microbiota directs vitamin A flux to regulate intestinal T cell development.Cell host & microbe · 2026Article
- A cell-based assay for retinaldehyde dehydrogenase activity: Retinoid quantification as an alternative to current fluorescence-based approaches.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2026Article
- Targeting autocrine retinoic acid signaling by ALDH1A2 inhibition enhances antitumor dendritic cell vaccine efficacy.Nature immunology · 2026Article
- The gut microbiota directs vitamin A flux to regulate intestinal T cell development.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology CXIII: Nuclear Receptor Superfamily-Update 2023.Pharmacological reviews · 2023Review
- Functional characterization of interleukin 4 and retinoic acid signaling crosstalk during alternative macrophage activation.Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular and cell biology of lipids · 2023Article
- A novelDiscovery immunology · 2023Article
- Retinoid metabolism: new insights.Journal of molecular endocrinology · 2022Review
- Dietary Glucose Consumption Promotes RALDH Activity in Small Intestinal CD103Frontiers in immunology · 2020Article
- Age-Dependent Decrease in the Induction of Regulatory T Cells Is Associated With Decreased Expression of RALDH2 in Mesenteric Lymph Node Dendritic Cells.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Article
- Elongation of Müllerian ducts and connection to urogenital sinus determine the borderline of uterine and vaginal development.Biochemistry and biophysics reports · 2019Article
- Nanoemulsion Adjuvant Augments Retinaldehyde Dehydrogenase Activity in Dendritic Cells via MyD88 Pathway.Frontiers in immunology · 2019Article
- The Pivotal Role of Regulatory T Cells in the Regulation of Innate Immune Cells.Frontiers in immunology · 2019Review
- Genetic contribution of retinoid-related genes to neural tube defects.Human mutation · 2018Article
- Differential regulation of CD103 (αE integrin) expression in human dendritic cells by retinoic acid and Toll-like receptor ligands.Journal of leukocyte biology · 2017Article
- Transcriptional suppression of microRNA-27a contributes to laryngeal cancer differentiation via GSK-3β-involved Wnt/β-catenin pathway.Oncotarget · 2017Article
- Review
- Identification of compounds that modulate retinol signaling using a cell-based qHTS assay.Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA · 2016Article
- Article
- Arachidonic acid promotes skin wound healing through induction of human MSC migration by MT3-MMP-mediated fibronectin degradation.Cell death & disease · 2015Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA)-producing dendritic cells (DCs) play critical roles in gut immunity. Retinal dehydrogenase 2 (RALDH2) encoded by Aldh1a2 is a key enzyme for generating RA in DCs. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) potently induces RALDH2 expression in DCs in an RA-dependent manner, and RA alone weakly induces the expression. However, how GM-CSF and RA induce RALDH2 expression remains unclear. Here, we show that GM-CSF-induced activation of the transcription factor Sp1 and RA-dependent signaling via the RA receptor (RAR)/retinoid X receptor (RXR) complex contribute to Aldh1a2 expression. The RAR antagonist LE540 and the Sp1 inhibitor mithramycin A inhibited GM-CSF-induced Aldh1a2 expression in fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand-generated bone marrow-derived DCs (BM-DCs). ERK and p38 MAPK inhibitors suppressed GM-CSF-induced nuclear translocation of Sp1 and Aldh1a2 expression. Sp1 and the RARα/RXRα complex bound to GC-rich Sp1-binding sites and an RA response element (RARE) half-site, respectively, near the TATA box in the mouse Aldh1a2 promoter. The DNA sequences around these sites were highly conserved among different species. In the presence of RA, ectopic expression of RARα/RXRα and Sp1 synergistically enhanced Aldh1a2 promoter-reporter activity. GM-CSF did not significantly induce Aldh1a2 expression in plasmacytoid DCs, peritoneal macrophages, or T cells, and the Aldh1a2 promoter in these cells was mostly unmethylated. These results suggest that GM-CSF/RA-induced RALDH2 expression in DCs requires cooperative binding of Sp1 and the RAR/RXR complex to the Aldh1a2 promoter, and can be regulated by a DNA methylation-independent mechanism.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.