ArticleAIDS research and human retroviruses2014
Galectin-9 is rapidly released during acute HIV-1 infection and remains sustained at high levels despite viral suppression even in elite controllers.
Article in AIDS research and human retroviruses, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 51 papers.
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Who cites it
51 citing papers in PubMed, 77 citations in OpenAlex.
- Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals dysregulation of innate immune signaling in early-life respiratory syncytial virus infection with subsequent low-level cadmium exposure.Toxicology reports · 2026Article
- Altered distribution of tissue galectins correlates with mucosal dysregulation in SIV infection.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2026Article
- RNA-Seq analysis reveals the long noncoding RNAs associated with immunity in wild Myotis myotis bats.BMC genomics · 2025Article
- Galectin-3, Galectin-9, and Interleukin-18 Are Associated with Monocyte/Macrophage Activation and Turnover More so than Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Cardiac Pathology or Encephalitis.AIDS research and human retroviruses · 2024Article
- Plasma galectin-9 relates to cognitive performance and inflammation among adolescents with vertically acquired HIV.AIDS (London, England) · 2024Article
- Plasma Virome of HIV-infected Subjects on Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy Reveals Association of Differentially Abundant Viruses with Distinct T-cell Phenotypes and Inflammation.Current genomics · 2024Article
- Plasma galectin-9 levels correlate with blood monocyte turnover and predict simian/human immunodeficiency virus disease progression.Translational medicine communications · 2024Article
- A single-cell atlas of the peripheral immune response in patients with influenza A virus infection.iScience · 2023Article
- Plasma galectin-3 is associated with decreased glomerular filtration rate in chronic HIV.HIV research & clinical practice · 2023Article
- Antiretroviral Treatment-Induced Galectin-9 Might Impact HIV Viremia in Addition to Contributing to Inflammaging.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Plasma N-Cleaved Galectin-9 Is a Surrogate Marker for Determining the Severity of COVID-19 and Monitoring the Therapeutic Effects of Tocilizumab.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus macaques with AIDS co-develop cardiovascular pathology and encephalitis.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Human Milk Oligosaccharide 2'-Fucosyllactose Modulates Local Viral Immune Defense by Supporting the Regulatory Functions of Intestinal Epithelial and Immune Cells.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- An Update of Lectins from Marine Organisms: Characterization, Extraction Methodology, and Potential Biofunctional Applications.Marine drugs · 2022Review
- Galectins as potential therapeutic targets in STIs in the female genital tract.Nature reviews. Urology · 2022Review
- Immune checkpoint blockade in HIV.EBioMedicine · 2022Review
- Both N- and C-terminal domains of galectin-9 are capable of inducing HIV reactivation despite mediating differential immunomodulatory functionalities.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Examining the Impact of Galectin-9 on Latent HIV Transcription.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2022Article
- HIV-1 induction of tolerogenic dendritic cells is mediated by cellular interaction with suppressive T cells.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Plasma galectin-9 as a predictor of adverse non-AIDS events in persons with chronic HIV during suppressive antiretroviral therapy.AIDS (London, England) · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Galectin-9 (Gal-9) is a β-galactosidase-binding lectin that promotes apoptosis, tissue inflammation, and T cell immune exhaustion, and alters HIV infection in part through engagement with the T cell immunoglobulin mucin domain-3 (Tim-3) receptor and protein disulfide isomerases (PDI). Gal-9 was initially thought to be an eosinophil attractant, but is now known to mediate multiple complex signaling events that affect T cells in both an immunosuppressive and inflammatory manner. To understand the kinetics of circulating Gal-9 levels during HIV infection we measured Gal-9 in plasma during HIV acquisition, in subjects with chronic HIV infection with differing virus control, and in uninfected individuals. During acute HIV infection, circulating Gal-9 was detected as early as 5 days after quantifiable HIV RNA and tracked plasma levels of interleukin (IL)-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and IL-1β. In chronic HIV infection, Gal-9 levels positively correlated with plasma HIV RNA levels (r=0.29; p=0.023), and remained significantly elevated during suppressive antiretroviral therapy (median: 225.3 pg/ml) and in elite controllers (263.3 pg/ml) compared to age-matched HIV-uninfected controls (54 pg/ml). Our findings identify Gal-9 as a novel component of the first wave of the cytokine storm in acute HIV infection that is sustained at elevated levels in virally suppressed subjects and suggest that Gal-9:Tim-3 crosstalk remains active in elite controllers and antiretroviral (ARV)-suppressed subjects, potentially contributing to ongoing inflammation and persistent T cell dysfunction.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.