ArticleFrontiers in immunology2014
Towards a liquid self: how time, geography, and life experiences reshape the biological identity.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers.
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Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed.
- Updating the Discontinuity Theory to the Extended Immunity: The Symmunobiome Concept.European journal of immunology · 2025Review
- From seabed to sickbed: lessons gained from allorecognition in marine invertebrates.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- A journey to your self: The vague definition of immune self and its practical implications.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- Different Levels of Therapeutic Strategies to Recover the Microbiome to Prevent/Delay Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) or Arrest Its Progression in Children.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- A Qualitative Study of Adolescents from Refugee Backgrounds Living in Australia: Identity and Resettlement.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- A Framework for Understanding Maternal Immunity.Immunology and allergy clinics of North America · 2023Review
- Understandings and practices related to risk, immunity and vaccination during the Delta variant COVID-19 outbreak in Australia: An interview study.Vaccine: X · 2022Article
- Methodological Approaches To Assess Innate Immunity and Innate Memory in Marine Invertebrates and Humans.Frontiers in toxicology · 2022Review
- Evaluation and comparison of adaptive immunity through analyzing the diversities and clonalities of T-cell receptor repertoires in the peripheral blood.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Explaining the unexpected COVID-19 trends and potential impact across Africa.F1000Research · 2021Article
- Potential Mimicry of Viral and Pancreatic β Cell Antigens Through Non-Spliced andFrontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- Emerging Concepts in Immune Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
- Proteasome-GeneratedFrontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- The complex relationship between Immunosenescence and Inflammaging: Special issue on the New Biomedical Perspectives.Seminars in immunopathology · 2020Article
- Microbiomes other than the gut: inflammaging and age-related diseases.Seminars in immunopathology · 2020Review
- Inflammaging in Endemic Areas for Infectious Diseases.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Review
- The Human Body as a Super Network: Digital Methods to Analyze the Propagation of Aging.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2020Article
- I mmunosenescence and Inflammaging: Risk Factors of Severe COVID-19 in Older People.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Review
- Living inside the box: environmental effects on mouse models of human disease.Disease models & mechanisms · 2018Review
- Impact of demography and population dynamics on the genetic architecture of human longevity.Aging · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The conceptualization of immunological self is amongst the most important theories of modern biology, representing a sort of theoretical guideline for experimental immunologists, in order to understand how host constituents are ignored by the immune system (IS). A consistent advancement in this field has been represented by the danger/damage theory and its subsequent refinements, which at present represents the most comprehensive conceptualization of immunological self. Here, we present the new hypothesis of "liquid self," which integrates and extends the danger/damage theory. The main novelty of the liquid self hypothesis lies in the full integration of the immune response mechanisms into the host body's ecosystems, i.e., in adding the temporal, as well as the geographical/evolutionary and environmental, dimensions, which we suggested to call "immunological biography." Our hypothesis takes into account the important biological changes occurring with time (age) in the IS (including immunosenescence and inflammaging), as well as changes in the organismal context related to nutrition, lifestyle, and geography (populations). We argue that such temporal and geographical dimensions impinge upon, and continuously reshape, the antigenicity of physical entities (molecules, cells, bacteria, viruses), making them switching between "self" and "non-self" states in a dynamical, "liquid" fashion. Particular attention is devoted to oral tolerance and gut microbiota, as well as to a new potential source of unexpected self epitopes produced by proteasome splicing. Finally, our framework allows the set up of a variety of testable predictions, the most straightforward suggesting that the immune responses to defined molecules representing potentials antigens will be quantitatively and qualitatively quite different according to the immuno-biographical background of the host.
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