ArticlePloS one2014
Combined effects of smoking and alcohol on metabolic syndrome: the LifeLines cohort study.
Article in PloS one, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 43 papers.
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Who cites it
43 citing papers in PubMed.
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- Association of the dietary-behavioral risk index with metabolic syndrome and its components: a cross-sectional study in rural China.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Can self-rated health be useful to primary care physicians as a diagnostic indicator of metabolic dysregulations amongst patients with type 2 diabetes? A population-based study.BMC primary care · 2025Article
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- Cardiovascular risk factors in diabetic patients with and without metabolic syndrome: a study based on the Rafsanjan cohort study.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Mixed Effect of Alcohol, Smoking, and Smokeless Tobacco Use on Hypertension among Adult Population in India: A Nationally Representative Cross-Sectional Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Increased odds of having the metabolic syndrome with greater fat-free mass: counterintuitive results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey database.Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle · 2022Article
- The Relationship between Metabolic Syndrome and Smoking and Alcohol Experiences in Adolescents from Low-Income Households.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Knowledge, health beliefs and attitudes towards dementia and dementia risk reduction among the Dutch general population: a cross-sectional study.BMC public health · 2021Article
- The Effect of Smoking and Sex on the Association Between Long-term Alcohol Consumption and Metabolic Syndrome in a Middle-aged and Older Population.Journal of epidemiology · 2021Article
- Association Between Korean-Style Balanced Diet and Risk of Abdominal Obesity in Korean Adults: An Analysis Using KNHANES-VI (2013-2016).Frontiers in nutrition · 2021Article
- Association Between Peripheral Blood Cell Count Abnormalities and Health-Related Quality of Life in the General Population.HemaSphere · 2021Article
- Erythrocytosis in the general population: clinical characteristics and association with clonal hematopoiesis.Blood advances · 2020Article
- Factors Associated with Dietary Control and Physical Activity in the Management of Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Menopausal Women.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- Cardiometabolic comorbidities and epidemiological features among rural Chinese elderly people.Aging clinical and experimental research · 2020Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issuedBoezen, H Marieke [corrected to Boezen, H Marike]
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionThe development of metabolic syndrome (MetS) is influenced by environmental factors such as smoking and alcohol consumption. We determined the combined effects of smoking and alcohol on MetS and its individual components.
methods64,046 participants aged 18-80 years from the LifeLines Cohort study were categorized into three body mass index (BMI) classes (BMI<25, normal weight; BMI 25-30, overweight; BMI≥30 kg/m2, obese). MetS was defined according to the revised criteria of the National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III). Within each BMI class and smoking subgroup (non-smoker, former smoker, <20 and ≥20 g tobacco/day), the cross-sectional association between alcohol and individual MetS components was tested using regression analysis.
resultsPrevalence of MetS varied greatly between the different smoking-alcohol subgroups (1.7-71.1%). HDL cholesterol levels in all alcohol drinkers were higher than in non-drinkers (0.02 to 0.29 mmol/L, P values<0.001). HDL cholesterol levels were lower when they were also a former or current smoker (<20 and ≥20 g tobacco/day). Consumption of ≤1 drink/day indicated a trend towards lower triglyceride levels (non-significant). Concurrent use alcohol (>1 drink/day) and tobacco showed higher triglycerides levels. Up to 2 drinks/day was associated with a smaller waist circumference in overweight and obese individuals. Consumption of >2 drinks/day increased blood pressure, with the strongest associations found for heavy smokers. The overall metabolic profile of wine drinkers was better than that of non-drinkers or drinkers of beer or spirits/mixed drinks.
conclusionLight alcohol consumption may moderate the negative associations of smoking with MetS. Our results suggest that the lifestyle advice that emphasizes smoking cessation and the restriction of alcohol consumption to a maximum of 1 drink/day, is a good approach to reduce the prevalence of MetS.
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