ReviewFrontiers in human neuroscience2014
Unique features of the human brainstem and cerebellum.
Review in Frontiers in human neuroscience, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Genetic and phylogenetic uncoupling of structure and function in human transmodal cortex.Nature communications · 2022Pooled it
- Individual variability in the nuclei of the human superior olivary complex.Brain structure & function · 2025Article
- Variability of anterior external arcuate fibers in the human medulla oblongata.Anatomy & cell biology · 2025Article
- Histological features of the Purkinje neurons of the Albino rat (Anatomy & cell biology · 2025Article
- A multimodal submillimeter MRI atlas of the human cerebellum.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Phylogenetic reduction of the magnocellular red nucleus in primates and inter-subject variability in humans.Frontiers in neuroanatomy · 2024Article
- Article
- A retrospective study of structural brain lesions identified by magnetic resonance imaging in 114 cats with neurological signs.Veterinary world · 2023Article
- Cerebellar TMS Induces Motor Responses Mediating Modulation of Spinal Excitability: A Literature Review.Brain sciences · 2023Review
- A brief sketch across multiscale and comparative neuroanatomical features.Frontiers in neuroanatomy · 2023Article
- Cortical-subcortical interactions in goal-directed behavior.Physiological reviews · 2023Review
- Anatomy of hypothalamic and diencephalic nuclei involved in seasonal fertility regulation in ewes.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2023Article
- Evolution of the human tongue and emergence of speech biomechanics.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Review
- A transchromosomic rat model with human chromosome 21 shows robust Down syndrome features.American journal of human genetics · 2022Article
- CNS and CNS diseases in relation to their immune system.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Individual variability in the size and organization of the human arcuate nucleus of the medulla.Brain structure & function · 2022Article
- A morphometric analysis of the circumolivary fiber bundle of the human brainstem.Frontiers in neuroanatomy · 2022Article
- Functional and Neuropathological Evidence for a Role of the Brainstem in Autism.Frontiers in integrative neuroscience · 2021Article
- Article
- 3D Exploration of the Brainstem in 50-Micron Resolution MRI.Frontiers in neuroanatomy · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The cerebral cortex is greatly expanded in the human brain. There is a parallel expansion of the cerebellum, which is interconnected with the cerebral cortex. We have asked if there are accompanying changes in the organization of pre-cerebellar brainstem structures. We have examined the cytoarchitectonic and neurochemical organization of the human medulla and pons. We studied human cases from the Witelson Normal Brain Collection, analyzing Nissl sections and sections processed for immunohistochemistry for multiple markers including the calcium-binding proteins calbindin, calretinin, and parvalbumin, non-phosphorylated neurofilament protein, and the synthetic enzyme for nitric oxide, nitric oxide synthase. We have also compared the neurochemical organization of the human brainstem to that of several other species including the chimpanzee, macaque and squirrel monkey, cat, and rodent, again using Nissl staining and immunohistochemistry. We found that there are major differences in the human brainstem, ranging from relatively subtle differences in the neurochemical organization of structures found in each of the species studied to the emergence of altogether new structures in the human brainstem. Two aspects of human cortical organization, individual differences and left-right asymmetry, are also seen in the brainstem (principal nucleus of the inferior olive) and the cerebellum (the dentate nucleus). We suggest that uniquely human motor and cognitive abilities derive from changes at all levels of the central nervous system, including the cerebellum and brainstem, and not just the cerebral cortex.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.