ArticleJournal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)2014
Maternal KIR in combination with paternal HLA-C2 regulate human birth weight.
Article in Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 79 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
79 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 153 citations in OpenAlex.
- Global research on NK cells in miscarriage: a bibliometric study.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Pooled it
- The CD94/NKG2A inhibitory receptor educates uterine NK cells to optimize pregnancy outcomes in humans and mice.Immunity · 2021Pooled it
- Immunology of Normal Pregnancy and Preeclampsia and the Role of Placental Non-Classical HLA and Decidual NK Cells.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Examining the association between fetal HLA-C, maternal KIR haplotypes and birth weight.PLoS genetics · 2026Article
- Peri-Transfer Glucocorticoid Therapy in Oocyte-Donation IVF Bridging the Immunological Gap.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Endometrial Microbiome and Reproductive Receptivity: Diverse Perspectives.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Innate Lymphoid Cells in Reproductive Health and Disease.European journal of immunology · 2025Review
- Peptide-specific natural killer cell receptors.Oxford open immunology · 2025Review
- A New Look at Immunogenetics of Pregnancy: Maternal Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Educates Uterine Natural Killer Cells.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Maternal-Fetal Compatibility in Recurrent Pregnancy Loss.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- Exploring Natural Killer Cell Testing in Embryo Implantation and Reproductive Failure: An Overview of Techniques and Controversies.Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.) · 2024Review
- Partitioning genetic effects on birthweight at classical human leukocyte antigen loci into maternal and fetal components, using structural equation modelling.International journal of epidemiology · 2024Article
- Molecular mechanism of aberrant decidualization in adenomyosis leading to reduced endometrial receptivity.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Review
- Methods for Co-culture of Primary Human Extravillous Trophoblast Cells and Uterine Natural Killer Cells.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2024Article
- Innate receptors modulating adaptive T cell responses: KIR-HLA interactions and T cell-mediated control of chronic viral infections.Immunogenetics · 2023Review
- Local immune recognition of trophoblast in early human pregnancy: controversies and questions.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2023Review
- Relative expression of receptors in uterine natural killer cells compared to peripheral blood natural killer cells.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Uterine NK Cells Ace an "A" in Education: NKG2A Sets Up Crucial Functions at the Maternal-Fetal Interface.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2022Review
- Mouse fetal growth restriction through parental and fetal immune gene variation and intercellular communications cascade.Nature communications · 2022Article
- Immunogenomics of Killer Cell Immunoglobulin-Like Receptor (KIR) and HLA Class I: Coevolution and Consequences for Human Health.The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice · 2022Article
19 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 5 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Human birth weight is subject to stabilizing selection; babies born too small or too large are less likely to survive. Particular combinations of maternal/fetal immune system genes are associated with pregnancies where the babies are ≤ 5th birth weight centile, specifically an inhibitory maternal KIR AA genotype with a paternally derived fetal HLA-C2 ligand. We have now analyzed maternal KIR and fetal HLA-C combinations at the opposite end of the birth weight spectrum. Mother/baby pairs (n = 1316) were genotyped for maternal KIR as well as fetal and maternal HLA-C. Presence of a maternal-activating KIR2DS1 gene was associated with increased birth weight in linear or logistic regression analyses of all pregnancies >5th centile (p = 0.005, n = 1316). Effect of KIR2DS1 was most significant in pregnancies where its ligand, HLA-C2, was paternally but not maternally inherited by a fetus (p = 0.005, odds ratio = 2.65). Thus, maternal KIR are more frequently inhibitory with small babies but activating with big babies. At both extremes of birth weight, the KIR associations occur when their HLA-C2 ligand is paternally inherited by a fetus. We conclude that the two polymorphic immune gene systems, KIR and HLA-C, contribute to successful reproduction by maintaining birth weight between two extremes with a clear role for paternal HLA.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.