ArticleInfection and immunity2014
Epithelial microvilli establish an electrostatic barrier to microbial adhesion.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 55 citations in OpenAlex.
- Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and the gut microbiome: pathogenic insights and therapeutic innovations.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2025Review
- Electrical Forces in Lumen Formation.Reviews of physiology, biochemistry and pharmacology · 2025Review
- Deciphering the M-cell niche: insights from mouse models on how microfold cells "know" where they are needed.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Harnessing the potential of the NALT and BALT as targets for immunomodulation using engineering strategies to enhance mucosal uptake.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Administration of probiotics affectsFish and shellfish immunology reports · 2023Article
- Oral delivery of RNAi for cancer therapy.Cancer metastasis reviews · 2023Review
- Copy Number Variation onMicrobiology spectrum · 2023Article
- The morphological and functional diversity of apical microvilli.Journal of anatomy · 2023Review
- Oral Delivery of Nucleic Acid Therapies for Local and Systemic Action.Pharmaceutical research · 2023Review
- Article
- Intestinal Barrier and Permeability in Health, Obesity and NAFLD.Biomedicines · 2021Review
- Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field Only Transiently Affects the Cellular and Molecular Processes of Leydig Cells.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- Intestinal brush border assembly during the peri-hatch period and its contribution to surface area expansion.Poultry science · 2021Article
- Liver Steatosis, Gut-Liver Axis, Microbiome and Environmental Factors. A Never-Ending Bidirectional Cross-Talk.Journal of clinical medicine · 2020Review
- Retinoic Acid and Lymphotoxin Signaling Promote Differentiation of Human Intestinal M Cells.Gastroenterology · 2020Article
- Intestinal permeability in the pathogenesis of liver damage: From non-alcoholic fatty liver disease to liver transplantation.World journal of gastroenterology · 2019Review
- Current understanding of the gut microbiota shaping mechanisms.Journal of biomedical science · 2019Review
- Dynamic Gene Network Analysis of Caco-2 Cell Response to Shiga Toxin-ProducingMicroorganisms · 2019Article
- M Cells: Intelligent Engineering of Mucosal Immune Surveillance.Frontiers in immunology · 2019Review
- A human origin strainInternational journal of medical sciences · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Microvilli are membrane extensions on the apical surface of polarized epithelia, such as intestinal enterocytes and tubule and duct epithelia. One notable exception in mucosal epithelia is M cells, which are specialized for capturing luminal microbial particles; M cells display a unique apical membrane lacking microvilli. Based on studies of M cell uptake under different ionic conditions, we hypothesized that microvilli may augment the mucosal barrier by providing an increased surface charge density from the increased membrane surface and associated glycoproteins. Thus, electrostatic charges may repel microbes from epithelial cells bearing microvilli, while M cells are more susceptible to microbial adhesion. To test the role of microvilli in bacterial adhesion and uptake, we developed polarized intestinal epithelial cells with reduced microvilli ("microvillus-minus," or MVM) but retaining normal tight junctions. When tested for interactions with microbial particles in suspension, MVM cells showed greatly enhanced adhesion and uptake of particles compared to microvillus-positive cells. This preference showed a linear relationship to bacterial surface charge, suggesting that microvilli resist binding of microbes by using electrostatic repulsion. Moreover, this predicts that pathogen modification of electrostatic forces may contribute directly to virulence. Accordingly, the effacement effector protein Tir from enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 expressed in epithelial cells induced a loss of microvilli with consequent enhanced microbial binding. These results provide a new context for microvillus function in the host-pathogen relationship, based on electrostatic interactions.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.