ReviewFrontiers in psychiatry2014
Posttraumatic stress disorder: a theoretical model of the hyperarousal subtype.
Review in Frontiers in psychiatry, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 64 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
64 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Physiological reactivity at rest and in response to social or emotional stimuli after a traumatic brain injury: A systematic review.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Pooled it
- Altered resting-state functional activity in posttraumatic stress disorder: A quantitative meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2016Pooled it
- The role of family accommodation in child posttraumatic stress symptoms and functional impairment in the context of cognitive behavioral therapy.Journal of affective disorders · 2024Trial
- Neurophysiological and clinical effects of the NMDA receptor antagonist lanicemine (BHV-5500) in PTSD: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.Depression and anxiety · 2021Trial
- Effect of Low-Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Impulse Inhibition in Abstinent Patients With Methamphetamine Addiction: A Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2020Trial
- Differential contributions of PTSD symptom clusters and their associations with resilience in traumatized individuals with a refugee background.European journal of psychotraumatology · 2026Article
- Identification of an intrusive-hypervigilant phenotype of posttraumatic stress symptoms with unique stress peptide and amygdala functional connectivity profiles.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Dissociable Neural Responses to Conditioned Social Threats are Modulated by Spatial Proximity in PTSD and MDD.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Article
- Hyperarousal transdiagnostically dissected: different dimensions characterize mood, anxiety, insomnia, posttraumatic stress and attention deficit hyperactivity disorders.EClinicalMedicine · 2026Article
- Moderating effect of avoidance on the relationship between depression and suicidal ideation across different types of trauma exposure.BJPsych open · 2026Article
- Exploring Dimensions of Posttraumatic Stress in Young Children.Research on child and adolescent psychopathology · 2026Article
- A retrospective report of a ketamine-augmented, transdiagnostic psychiatric outpatient psychotherapy program.Journal of military, veteran and family health · 2026Article
- Exploring the inter-factor network of psychological abuse, life-event stress, and suicidal behavior: evidence from Chinese college students.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- Aberrant neural event segmentation during a continuous social narrative in trauma-exposed older adolescents and young adults.Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience · 2025Article
- Hyperarousal, Dissociation, Emotion Dysregulation and Re-Experiencing-Towards Understanding Molecular Aspects of PTSD Symptoms.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Assessment of PTSD in military personnel via machine learning based on physiological habituation in a virtual immersive environment.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Article
- Psychological and behavioral dimensions in cardiac arrest survivors and their families: A state-of-the-art review.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2025Review
- The impact of trauma core dimensions on anxiety and depression: a latent regression model through the Post-Traumatic Symptom Questionnaire (PTSQ).Scientific reports · 2024Article
4 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
1 author.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a frequent and distressing mental disorder, about which much remains to be learned. It is a heterogeneous disorder; the hyperarousal subtype (about 70% of occurrences and simply termed PTSD in this paper) is the topic of this article, but the dissociative subtype (about 30% of occurrences and likely involving quite different brain mechanisms) is outside its scope. A theoretical model is presented that integrates neuroscience data on diverse brain regions known to be involved in PTSD, and extensive psychiatric findings on the disorder. Specifically, the amygdala is a multifunctional brain region that is crucial to PTSD, and processes peritraumatic hyperarousal on grounded cognition principles to produce hyperarousal symptoms. Amygdala activity also modulates hippocampal function, which is supported by a large body of evidence, and likewise amygdala activity modulates several brainstem regions, visual cortex, rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC), and medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC), to produce diverse startle, visual, memory, numbing, anger, and recklessness symptoms. Additional brain regions process other aspects of peritraumatic responses to produce further symptoms. These contentions are supported by neuroimaging, neuropsychological, neuroanatomical, physiological, cognitive, and behavioral evidence. Collectively, the model offers an account of how responses at the time of trauma are transformed into an extensive array of the 20 PTSD symptoms that are specified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth edition. It elucidates the neural mechanisms of a specific form of psychopathology, and accords with the Research Domain Criteria framework.
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