SynthesisInternational journal of epidemiology2014
Socioeconomic position, lifestyle factors and age at natural menopause: a systematic review and meta-analyses of studies across six continents.
Synthesis in International journal of epidemiology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 207 papers, 10 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Photobiomodulation Effect on Vulvovaginal Atrophy in Postmenopausal Women: Randomized and Controlled Trial.
A Pilot Study Investigating the Effects of a Nutritional Supplement on Physiological and Metabolic Markers in 38-55-year-old Females
Who cites it
207 citing papers in PubMed, 10 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 508 citations in OpenAlex.
- Is hypertension negatively associated with memory performance in women during climacteric? A systematic review.BMC women's health · 2025Pooled it
- Effect of acupuncture on menopausal depressive disorder and serum hormone levels: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Brazilian Guideline on Menopausal Cardiovascular Health - 2024.Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia · 2024Guideline
- Clinical practice guidelines for the care of girls and women with Turner syndrome.European journal of endocrinology · 2024Guideline
- Anti-Müllerian hormone for the diagnosis and prediction of menopause: a systematic review.Human reproduction update · 2023Pooled it
- Menopausal hormone therapy and women's health: An umbrella review.PLoS medicine · 2021Pooled it
- Variations in reproductive events across life: a pooled analysis of data from 505 147 women across 10 countries.Human reproduction (Oxford, England) · 2019Pooled it
- Relationships between intensity, duration, cumulative dose, and timing of smoking with age at menopause: A pooled analysis of individual data from 17 observational studies.PLoS medicine · 2018Pooled it
- Obesity and gynaecological and obstetric conditions: umbrella review of the literature.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2017Pooled it
- Pooled it
- A clinical trial of the effects of cocoa rich chocolate on depression and sleep quality in menopausal women.Scientific reports · 2024Trial
- Correlates and Timing of Reproductive Aging Transitions in a Global Cohort of Midlife Women With Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Insights From the REPRIEVE Trial.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2020 · on this mapTrial
- Early in, early out: reproductive lifespan timing and cardiometabolic risk in women.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2026Review
- Hormone therapy (HT) in women with premature ovarian insufficiency or early menopause: Time to think of a new paradigm for healthy aging. A joint FIGO and IMS position paper.International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics · 2026Article
- Population-scale reconstruction of menopause dynamics reveals a physiological cliff at the final menstrual period.Nature medicine · 2026Article
- Article
- Mapping ovarian cellular and molecular landscape across the lifespan of women: a scoping review.Human reproduction update · 2026Article
- Hormone therapy use and cancer survivorship.Menopause (New York, N.Y.) · 2026Article
- Prevalence and determinants of premature or early menopause: a pooled analysis of 716 648 women from 44 low- and middle-income countries.BMJ global health · 2026Article
- Urinary tract infections at an Australian sexual health service: bacterial etiologies, antibiotic susceptibilities, and antimicrobial prescribing patterns.Microbiology spectrum · 2026Article
147 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAge at natural menopause (ANM) is considered a marker of biological ageing and is increasingly recognized as a sentinel for chronic disease risk in later life. Socioeconomic position (SEP) and lifestyle factors are thought to be associated with ANM.
methodsWe performed a systematic review and meta-analyses to determine the overall mean ANM, and the effect of SEP and lifestyle factors on ANM by calculating the weighted mean difference (WMD) and pooling adjusted hazard ratios. We explored heterogeneity using meta-regression and also included unpublished findings from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health.
resultsWe identified 46 studies across 24 countries. Mean ANM was 48.8 years [95% confidence interval (CI): 48.3, 49.2], with between-study heterogeneity partly explained by geographical region. ANM was lowest among African, Latin American, Asian and Middle Eastern countries and highest in Europe and Australia, followed by the USA. Education was associated with later ANM (WMD middle vs low education 0.30, 95% CI: 0.10, 0.51; high vs low education 0.64, 95% CI 0.26, 1.02). A similar dose-response relationship was also observed for occupation. Smoking was associated with a 1-year reduction of ANM (WMD: -0.91, 95% CI: -1.34, -0.48). Being overweight and moderate/high physical activity were modestly associated with later ANM, but findings were less conclusive.
conclusionsANM varies across populations, partly due to differences across geographical regions. SEP and some lifestyle factors are associated with ANM, but further research is needed to examine the impact of the associations between risk factors and ANM on future health outcomes.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.