ArticleAtencion primaria2014
Effectiveness of two types of intervention on antibiotic prescribing in respiratory tract infections in Primary Care in Spain. Happy Audit Study.
Article in Atencion primaria, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 36 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy and safety of rapid tests to guide antibiotic prescriptions for sore throat.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2020Pooled it
- The effects of the primary health care providers' prescription behavior interventions to improve the rational use of antibiotics: a systematic review.Global health research and policy · 2020Pooled it
- Clinicians' perspectives on a primary healthcare intervention to reduce antibiotic prescription for acute lower respiratory tract infections in Barcelona (Spain): a qualitative study.Primary health care research & development · 2025Trial
- Effects of C-reactive protein rapid testing and communication skills training on antibiotic prescribing for acute cough. A cluster factorial randomised controlled trial.NPJ primary care respiratory medicine · 2024Trial
- Trial
- Impact of a multifaceted intervention to improve antibiotic prescribing: a pragmatic cluster-randomised controlled trial.Antimicrobial resistance and infection control · 2020Trial
- Effects of primary care antimicrobial stewardship outreach on antibiotic use by general practice staff: pragmatic randomized controlled trial of the TARGET antibiotics workshop.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2018Trial
- Trial
- Second audit of the Happy Patient project: impact of training on the dispensing of antibiotics in community pharmacies in Spain.Farmaceuticos comunitarios · 2026Article
- Tailoring Antibiotic Duration for Respiratory Tract Infections in Primary Care: Protocol for a Pragmatic Randomized Controlled Trial Study (STORM).JMIR research protocols · 2025Article
- The use of the Prospector calculator reduces antibiotic therapy in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Effect of Combination of Point-of-Care C-Reactive Protein Testing and General Practitioner Education and Long-Term Effect of Education on Reducing Antibiotic Prescribing for Children Presenting with Acute Infections in General Practice in Latvia: A Randomized Controlled Intervention Study.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Developing a Tool for Auditing the Quality of Antibiotic Dispensing in Community Pharmacies: A Pilot Study.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Point-of-Care C-Reactive Protein Testing to Reduce Antibiotic Prescribing for Respiratory Tract Infections in Primary Care: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Review
- Autonomy, power dynamics and antibiotic use in primary healthcare: A qualitative study.PloS one · 2020Article
- Article
- [Twenty-five myths in infectious diseases in primary care associated with overdiagnosis and overtreatment].Atencion primaria · 2018Review
- Survey of Spanish general practitioners' attitudes toward management of sore throat: an internet-based questionnaire study.BMC family practice · 2017Article
- [Recommendations for the use of rapid diagnosis techniques in respiratory infections in primary care].Atencion primariaArticle
- Estimated saving of antibiotics in pharyngitis and lower respiratory tract infections if general practitioners used rapid tests and followed guidelines.Atencion primariaObservational
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
20 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo evaluate the effectiveness of two types of intervention in reducing antibiotic prescribing in respiratory tract infections (RTI).
designBefore-after audit-based study.
settingPrimary Care centres in Spain.
participantsGeneral practitioners (GPs) registered all patients with RTIs for 15 days in winter 2008 (pre-intervention), and again in winter 2009 (post-intervention).
interventionsIntervention activities included meetings, with the presentation and discussion of the results, and several training meetings on RTI guidelines, information brochures for patients, workshops on point-of-care tests - rapid antigen detection tests and C-reactive protein rapid test - and provision of these tests in the clinic. All GPs, with the exception of those in Catalonia, made up the full intervention group (FIG); conversely, Catalan doctors underwent the same intervention, except for the workshop on rapid tests (partial intervention group, PIG). Multilevel logistic regression was performed taking the prescription of antibiotics as the dependent variable.
resultsOut of a total of 309 GPs involved in the first register, 281 completed the intervention and the second register (90.9%), of which 210 were assigned to the FIG, and 71 to the PIG. The odds ratio of antibiotic prescribing after the intervention was 0.99 (95% CI: 0.89-1.10) among GPs assigned to PIG, and 0.50 (95% CI: 0.44-0.57, p<0.001) among those who were allocated to FIG. The reduction in antibiotic prescribing in FIG was more marked in flu infection, common cold, acute pharyngitis, acute tonsillitis, and acute bronchitis.
conclusionsActive participation of GPs with the performance of point-of-care tests in the clinic is accompanied by a drastic reduction of antibiotic use in RTIs, primarily in infections considered as mainly viral.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.