Evidence map›Paper›PMID 24768241›Full record

ArticleOphthalmology2014

Five-year incidence, progression, and risk factors for age-related macular degeneration: the age, gene/environment susceptibility study.

Fridbert Jonasson, Diana E Fisher, Gudny Eiriksdottir, Sigurdur Sigurdsson, Ronald Klein, Lenore J Launer, Tamara Harris, Vilmundur Gudnason, Mary Frances Cotch

Open access · greenAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Ophthalmology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 66 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
66citing papers in PubMed, 6 pooled it
7.1field-weighted citation impact, top 3% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

66 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 104 citations in OpenAlex.

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  18. Geographic Atrophy in Age-Related Macular Degeneration.Deutsches Arzteblatt international · 2025
    Review
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  20. Article

6 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.

Fridbert JonassonDepartment of Ophthalmology, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland. Electronic address: fridbert@landspitali.is.
Diana E FisherDivision of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.
Gudny EiriksdottirIcelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland.
Sigurdur SigurdssonIcelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland.
Ronald KleinOphthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.
Lenore J LaunerLaboratory of Epidemiology, Demography and Biometry, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Aging, Bethesda, Maryland.
Tamara HarrisLaboratory of Epidemiology, Demography and Biometry, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Aging, Bethesda, Maryland.
Vilmundur GudnasonFaculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland.
Mary Frances CotchDivision of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.
Icelandic Heart Association · ISNational Eye Institute · USNational University Hospital of Iceland · ISUniversity of Iceland · ISUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison · US

Funding

CLINICAL PROJECT: Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility Study on the Multi-omics of Aging: A clinical epidemiologic prospective studyZIAAG007380 · NIA · NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON AGING · PI LAUNER, LENORE J · 2009 to 2025
$6.1M
Age, Gene/environment Susceptibility Study In Iceland - Ocular ComponentZIAEY000401 · NEI · NATIONAL EYE INSTITUTE · PI COTCH, MARY FRANCES · 2009 to 2020
$3.3M
Gene/environment Susceptibility Iceland-Ocular ComponentZ01EY000401 · NEI · NATIONAL EYE INSTITUTE · PI COTCH, MARY FRANCES · 2002 to 2008
$258k
Intramural NIH HHS Z01 EY000401Intramural NIH HHS Z99 EY999999Intramural NIH HHS ZIA EY000401
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveTo investigate the incidence and progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and associated risk factors.

designPopulation-based, prospective, cohort study.

participantsWe included 2868 participants from the Age Gene/Environment Susceptibility-Reykjavik Study with retinal data at baseline and 5-year follow-up.

methodsDigital macular photographs were graded for presence of AMD. Participants completed a questionnaire and extensive clinical battery. Biomarkers were assessed. Risk factors for AMD were analyzed using multivariate regression analysis with odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs.

main outcome measuresWe assessed AMD, defined as early or late.

resultsAmong 2196 participants free of AMD at baseline, 14.9% developed incident AMD. In multivariate models, incident AMD was significantly associated with age (OR per year, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.11-1.17), current smoking (OR, 2.07; 95% CI, 1.38-3.11), former smoking (OR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.04-1.79), plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level (OR, 1.62 per mmol/L; 95% CI, 1.19-2.22), and body mass index (BMI; OR, 1.04 per kg/m(2); 95% CI, 1.01-1.07). Among 563 participants with early AMD at baseline, 22.7% progressed to late AMD (11.0% pure geographic atrophy [GA] and 11.7% exudative AMD). On multivariate analyses, age was significantly associated with progression to GA (OR 1.14; 95% CI, 1.07-1.21) and exudative AMD (OR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.01-1.14). Adjusting for age, female sex was associated with exudative AMD (OR, 2.10; 95% CI, 1.10-3.98) and plasma HDL cholesterol with GA (OR, 2.03 per mmol/L; 95% CI, 1.02-4.05).

conclusionsBy age 85, 57.4% of participants had signs of AMD. Age, smoking, plasma HDL cholesterol, BMI, and female sex are associated with AMD. Elevated HDL cholesterol is associated with GA development.

Indexed as

Macular DegenerationAgedAged, 80 and overAge FactorsBiomarkersBody Mass IndexCholesterol, HDLDisease ProgressionFemaleGene-Environment InteractionHumansIcelandIncidenceMaleMultivariate AnalysisProspective StudiesBiomarkersCholesterol, HDL

Identifiers

PMID24768241
PMCPMC4145014
OpenAlexW21813498

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.