ArticleCognition2014
Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) map number onto space.
Article in Cognition, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 54 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
54 citing papers in PubMed.
- Spatial-numerical associations survive spatial frequency equalization in an adult unimanual SNARC task.Psychonomic bulletin & review · 2026Article
- Numbers Driving Space: Experience With Numerical Sequences Modulates Spatial Behavior in Newborn Chicks (Gallus gallus).Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2026Article
- The unity of sense and mind: A review of cross-domain mapping.Psychonomic bulletin & review · 2026Review
- Numerically induced attentional biases in horizontal, vertical, and two-dimensional shapes.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Prenatal light exposure affects number sense and the mental number line in young domestic chicks.eLife · 2025Article
- Cognitive bridge between geometric and numerical learning in monkeys.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- The role of cognitive control in the interaction of the SNARC and MARC effects.BMC psychology · 2025Article
- Does the Brain Care Which Direction We Read? A Cross-Cultural tDCS Study on Functional Lateralization of Number Processing.Brain and behavior · 2025Article
- One direction? Cultural aspects of the mental number line beyond reading direction.Psychological research · 2024Article
- Dichotomous horizontal representation of acute deterioration risk on illnesses.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Practice-induced SNARC: evidence from a null-SNARC sample.Cognitive processing · 2024Article
- Recruitment of the premotor cortex during arithmetic operations by the monkey.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Magnitude shifts spatial attention from left to right in rhesus monkeys as in the human mental number line.iScience · 2024Article
- Associations between physical size and space are strongly asymmetrical.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Reply to Pitt et al.: Evidence from bees is consistent with a biological origin of a left-to-right mental number line.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023Article
- Asymmetric number-space association leads to more efficient processing of congruent information in domestic chicks.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2023Article
- An insect brain organizes numbers on a left-to-right mental number line.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2022Article
- Electrophysiological Evidence for A Number-Action Mapping in Infancy.Brain sciences · 2022Article
- No evidence of spatial representation of age, but "own-age bias" like face processing found in chimpanzees.Animal cognition · 2022Article
- Relative numerical middle in rhesus monkeys.Biology letters · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Humans map number onto space. However, the origins of this association, and particularly the degree to which it depends upon cultural experience, are not fully understood. Here we provide the first demonstration of a number-space mapping in a non-human primate. We trained four adult male rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) to select the fourth position from the bottom of a five-element vertical array. Monkeys maintained a preference to choose the fourth position through changes in the appearance, location, and spacing of the vertical array. We next asked whether monkeys show a spatially-oriented number mapping by testing their responses to the same five-element stimulus array rotated ninety degrees into a horizontal line. In these horizontal probe trials, monkeys preferentially selected the fourth position from the left, but not the fourth position from the right. Our results indicate that rhesus macaques map number onto space, suggesting that the association between number and space in human cognition is not purely a result of cultural experience and instead has deep evolutionary roots.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.