ArticleAmerican journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism2014
Acylcarnitines activate proinflammatory signaling pathways.
Article in American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 214 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
214 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 322 citations in OpenAlex.
- The causal relationship between serum metabolites and the risk of psoriasis: a Mendelian randomization and meta-analysis study.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Pooled it
- Tomato-Soy Juice Reduces Inflammation and Modulates the Urinary Metabolome in Adults With Obesity.Molecular nutrition & food research · 2026Trial
- Effectiveness of vitamin D therapy in improving metabolomic biomarkers in obesity phenotypes: Two randomized clinical trials.International journal of obesity (2005) · 2018Trial
- Trial
- Vaginal lipidomics of women with vulvovaginal candidiasis and cytolytic vaginosis: A non-targeted LC-MS pilot study.PloS one · 2018Trial
- Altered Acylcarnitine Metabolism in cardiac diseases: From molecular mechanisms to translational potential.International journal of cardiology. Heart & vasculature · 2026Review
- Dietary gallnut tannic acid supplementation improves boar semen quality by regulating antioxidant status, hormone secretion, and seminal plasma metabolome.Tropical animal health and production · 2026Article
- Integrated Multi-Tissue Omics Identifies Acylcarnitine Accumulation as Shared Metabolic Marker of Diabetic Microangiopathy With Cross-Organ Validation.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Microbiotas from extremely preterm infants with growth faltering impair postnatal growth and metabolism in mice.JCI insight · 2026Article
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- Plasma acylcarnitine profiling reveals heart failure-specific fatty acid oxidation signature in chronic kidney disease.Journal of lipid research · 2026Article
- Effect of Co-Exposure to Temperature and Fine Particulate Matter on Metabolomic and Immune Processes among Chinese Women of Childbearing Age.Environment & health (Washington, D.C.) · 2026Article
- Exploring Acylcarnitine Metabolism Using Reverse Metabolomics.Analytical chemistry · 2026Article
- Association of Acylcarnitine Species and Anthropometry Markers in a Population-Based Apparently Healthy Cohort.Metabolites · 2026Article
- CPT1A loss promotes lung metastasis in immune-competent mice via a mechanism of mtDNA release and chronic activation of STING pathway.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Fibrinogen-associated plasma metabolites and implications for coagulation, inflammation, and vascular diseases.Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH · 2026Article
- Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma metabolites in Parkinson's disease: a Mendelian randomization study.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Composite Probiotic Fermented Feed Enhances Growth Performance and Intestinal Health in Weaned Piglets by Modulating the Gut Microbiome and Metabolome.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- Longitudinal Plasma Metabolomics by GC-MS and LC-MS During Total Parenteral Nutrition After Gastrointestinal Surgery.Metabolites · 2026Article
- A pilot study reveals plasma metabolomic and lipidomic signatures of mustard lung disease.Scientific reports · 2026Article
154 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Incomplete β-oxidation of fatty acids in mitochondria is a feature of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Previous studies revealed that plasma concentrations of medium- and long-chain acylcarnitines (by-products of incomplete β-oxidation) are elevated in T2DM and insulin resistance. In a previous study, we reported that mixed D,L isomers of C12- or C14-carnitine induced an NF-κB-luciferase reporter gene in RAW 264.7 cells, suggesting potential activation of proinflammatory pathways. Here, we determined whether the physiologically relevant L-acylcarnitines activate classical proinflammatory signaling pathways and if these outcomes involve pattern recognition receptor (PRR)-associated pathways. Acylcarnitines induced the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in a chain length-dependent manner in RAW 264.7 cells. L-C14 carnitine (5-25 μM), used as a representative acylcarnitine, stimulated the expression and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, L-C14 carnitine induced phosphorylation of JNK and ERK, common downstream components of many proinflammatory signaling pathways including PRRs. Knockdown of MyD88, a key cofactor in PRR signaling and inflammation, blunted the proinflammatory effects of acylcarnitine. While these results point to potential involvement of PRRs, L-C14 carnitine promoted IL-8 secretion from human epithelial cells (HCT-116) lacking Toll-like receptors (TLR)2 and -4, and did not activate reporter constructs in TLR overexpression cell models. Thus, acylcarnitines have the potential to activate inflammation, but the specific molecular and tissue target(s) involved remain to be identified.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.