ArticleInternational journal of epidemiology2014
Exchangeability in the case-crossover design.
Article in International journal of epidemiology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 72 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
72 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- School-Based Interventions to Support Healthy Indoor and Outdoor Environments for Children: A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Pooled it
- Trial
- Exposure to Air Pollution and Particle Radioactivity With the Risk of Ventricular Arrhythmias.Circulation · 2020Trial
- Associations of short-term changes in air pollution with spontaneous preterm birth: A time-stratified case-crossover analysis.Annals of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Cardiopulmonary hospitalization risks from wildfire-specific and non-wildfire PMNature communications · 2026Article
- Determining the Environmental and Ecological Factors Associated With Poultry Farm Spillover of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H5N1) in British Columbia, Canada.Zoonoses and public health · 2026Article
- Wrist Flexor Spasticity and Hemiplegic-Contralateral Median Nerve Latency Asymmetry After Stroke: A Bilateral Nerve Conduction and Ultrasound Study.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Case-Crossover Design for Assessing Associations With Short-Term, Intermediate-Term, and Long-Term Exposures.The Journal of surgical research · 2026Article
- Association of Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature with heat-related illness hospitalizations in Japan: a time-stratified, case-crossover study.International journal of emergency medicine · 2026Article
- Short-term ambient temperature increases are associated with higher mortality in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a case-crossover study of weather conditions.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2026Article
- Anticholinergic medications and out-of-hospital sudden cardiac arrest: a new piece to the puzzle?European heart journal · 2025Article
- Risk of hospitalization and mortality across US climate regions following extreme heat exposure in patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) receiving in-center hemodialysis: a space-time-stratified case-crossover analysis.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2025Article
- Exploring Fall-Related Fracture Risk by Possible Fall-Risk Increasing Drugs in Japanese Older Adults Using Municipal Linked Medical and Long-Term Care Claim Data: A Nested Case-Control and Case-Crossover Study.Geriatrics & gerontology international · 2025Article
- Extreme Heat, Social Factors, and Mortality Among California Veterans With Cardiometabolic Disease.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Interleukin-17 Inhibitors and Early Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events.JAMA dermatology · 2025Article
- Medium-term Exposure to Wildfire Smoke PM 2.5 and Cardiorespiratory Hospitalization Risks.Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2025Article
- Exposure to daily mean and maximum 1-hour PMEnvironmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2025Article
- Associations Between Daily Symptoms and Pain Flares in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Case-Crossover mHealth Study.JMIR mHealth and uHealth · 2025Article
- Infection-Related Hospitalization and Incident Heart Failure in MarketScan: A Case-Crossover Study.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2025Article
- Compound drought and heatwave extreme weather events: Mortality risk in individuals with chronic respiratory disease.Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2025Article
12 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
In cohort and case-control studies, confounding that arises as a result of differences in the distribution of determinants of the outcome between exposure groups leading to non-exchangeability are addressed by restriction, matching or with statistical models. In case-only studies, this issue is addressed by comparing each individual with his/herself. Although case-only designs use self-matching and only include individuals who develop the outcome of interest, issues of non-exchangeability are identical to those that arise in traditional case-control and cohort studies. In this review, we describe one type of case-only design, the case-crossover design, and discuss how the concept of exchangeability can be used to understand issues of confounding, carryover effects, period effects and selection bias in case-crossover studies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.