ArticlePLoS medicine2014
Fetal growth and risk of stillbirth: a population-based case-control study.
Article in PLoS medicine, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 72 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
72 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 191 citations in OpenAlex.
- Examining the predictive accuracy of metabolomics for small-for-gestational-age babies: a systematic review.BMJ open · 2019Pooled it
- Biochemical tests of placental function versus ultrasound assessment of fetal size for stillbirth and small-for-gestational-age infants.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2019Pooled it
- Trial
- Maternal serum cadmium level during pregnancy and its association with small for gestational age infants: a population-based birth cohort study.Scientific reports · 2016Trial
- Fetal Tadalafil Exposure Increases Pulmonary Blood Flow and Reduces Right to Left Heart Shunting through the Foramen Ovale.Neonatology · 2026Article
- In vivo and ex vivo cardiovascular haemodynamic responses of preterm growth-restricted lambs to perinatal asphyxia.Clinical science (London, England : 1979) · 2025Article
- Association of postpartum weight retentions at 4 weeks with large-for-gestational-age infants in the second pregnancy: the Japan environment and children's study.Journal of diabetes and metabolic disorders · 2025Article
- Stillbirth risk by fetal size among 126.5 million births in 15 countries from 2000 to 2020: A fetuses-at-risk approach.BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology · 2025Article
- Stillbirths: Contribution of preterm birth and size-for-gestational age for 125.4 million total births from nationwide records in 13 countries, 2000-2020.BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology · 2025Article
- The performance of growth charts in well term newborns in screening for hypoglycemia.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2025Article
- Head circumference as an early predictor of fetal death in fetuses with increased nuchal translucency: evidence from a multicenter cohort study.European journal of medical research · 2025Article
- Optimal timing and mode of planned birth for term, large infants: a retrospective, population-based cohort study.EClinicalMedicine · 2025Article
- The Fetal Region-specific Optimized Growth Standard (FROGS)-A fetal and birthweight centile calculator validated in a national population.PLoS medicine · 2025Article
- Prediction of small-for-gestational age and fetal growth restriction at routine ultrasound examination at 35-37 weeks' gestation.Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology · 2025Article
- Relevant Condition at Death and customized birthweight centiles for stillbirth classification: A retrospective cohort study.Qatar medical journal · 2025Article
- Article
- Development and evaluation of machine learning models for predicting large-for-gestational-age newborns in women exposed to radiation prior to pregnancy.BMC medical informatics and decision making · 2024Article
- Maternal tadalafil treatment does not increase uterine artery blood flow or oxygen delivery in the pregnant ewe.Experimental physiology · 2024Article
- DLK1: A Novel Biomarker of Placental Insufficiency in Stillbirth and Live Birth.American journal of perinatology · 2024Article
- Improved estimation of the relationship between fetal growth and late stillbirth in the United States, 2014-15.Scientific reports · 2024Article
12 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
17 authors at 10 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundStillbirth is strongly related to impaired fetal growth. However, the relationship between fetal growth and stillbirth is difficult to determine because of uncertainty in the timing of death and confounding characteristics affecting normal fetal growth. METHODS AND
findingsWe conducted a population-based case-control study of all stillbirths and a representative sample of live births in 59 hospitals in five geographic areas in the US. Fetal growth abnormalities were categorized as small for gestational age (SGA) (<10th percentile) or large for gestational age (LGA) (>90th percentile) at death (stillbirth) or delivery (live birth) using population, ultrasound, and individualized norms. Gestational age at death was determined using an algorithm that considered the time-of-death interval, postmortem examination, and reliability of the gestational age estimate. Data were weighted to account for the sampling design and differential participation rates in various subgroups. Among 527 singleton stillbirths and 1,821 singleton live births studied, stillbirth was associated with SGA based on population, ultrasound, and individualized norms (odds ratio [OR] [95% CI]: 3.0 [2.2 to 4.0]; 4.7 [3.7 to 5.9]; 4.6 [3.6 to 5.9], respectively). LGA was also associated with increased risk of stillbirth using ultrasound and individualized norms (OR [95% CI]: 3.5 [2.4 to 5.0]; 2.3 [1.7 to 3.1], respectively), but not population norms (OR [95% CI]: 0.6 [0.4 to 1.0]). The associations were stronger with more severe SGA and LGA (<5th and >95th percentile). Analyses adjusted for stillbirth risk factors, subset analyses excluding potential confounders, and analyses in preterm and term pregnancies showed similar patterns of association. In this study 70% of cases and 63% of controls agreed to participate. Analysis weights accounted for differences between consenting and non-consenting women. Some of the characteristics used for individualized fetal growth estimates were missing and were replaced with reference values. However, a sensitivity analysis using individualized norms based on the subset of stillbirths and live births with non-missing variables showed similar findings.
conclusionsStillbirth is associated with both growth restriction and excessive fetal growth. These findings suggest that, contrary to current practices and recommendations, stillbirth prevention strategies should focus on both severe SGA and severe LGA pregnancies. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.