ArticlePediatrics2014
National patterns of codeine prescriptions for children in the emergency department.
Article in Pediatrics, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- Progress in Pharmacogenomics Implementation in the United States: Barrier Erosion and Remaining Challenges.Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics · 2025Review
- Cough medicine prescriptions for children by physician specialty and healthcare sector: a Finnish population-based nationwide register study.European journal of pediatrics · 2025Article
- Health Canada advisory impacts on the prevalence of oral codeine use in the Pediatric Canadian population: comparative study across provinces.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Annual Prevalence of Opioid Receipt by South Carolina Medicaid-Enrolled Children and Adolescents: 2000-2020.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Cough and cold medicine prescription rates can be significantly reduced by active intervention.European journal of pediatrics · 2022Article
- Trends in Dispensed Opioid Analgesic Prescriptions to Children in South Carolina: 2010-2017.Pediatrics · 2021Article
- Relationship Between Severe Respiratory Depression and Codeine-Containing Antitussives in Children: A Nested Case-Control Study.Journal of epidemiology · 2020Article
- Effect of FDA Warning on Codeine and Alternate Opioid Prescribing After Pediatric Dental Procedures in Ohio.Pediatric dentistry · 2019Article
- Opioid-prescribing Patterns for Pediatric Patients in the United States.The Clinical journal of pain · 2019Article
- The use of opioids in low acuity pediatric trauma patients.PloS one · 2019Article
- A Model of the Intersection of Pain and Opioid Misuse in Children and Adolescents.Clinical psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science · 2018Article
- Parental Perception of Self-Empowerment in Pediatric Pharmacogenetic Testing: The Reactions of Parents to the Communication of Actual and Hypothetical CYP2D6 Test Results.Health communication · 2017Article
- Impact of Safety-Related Regulations on Codeine Use in Children: A Quasi-Experimental Study Using Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database.Drug safety · 2017Article
- Codeine use among children in the United States: a nationally representative study from 1996 to 2013.Paediatric anaesthesia · 2017Article
- Potential Acetaminophen and Opioid Overdoses in Young Children Prescribed Combination Acetaminophen/Opioid Preparations.Pediatric quality & safety · 2016Article
- Pharmacogenetics for Safe Codeine Use in Sickle Cell Disease.Pediatrics · 2016Article
- Article
- Opioid Prescribing and Potential Overdose Errors Among Children 0 to 36 Months Old.Clinical pediatrics · 2015Article
- Short-acting versus long-acting opioids for pediatric postoperative pain management.Expert review of clinical pharmacologyReview
- Pharmacist and Pediatrician Knowledge of Codeine Use in Children.The journal of pediatric pharmacology and therapeutics : JPPT : the official journal of PPAGArticle
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
objectivesNational guidelines have recommended against codeine use in children, but little is known about prescribing patterns in the United States. Our objectives were to assess changes over time in pediatric codeine prescription rates in emergency departments nationally and to determine factors associated with codeine prescription.
methodsWe performed a serial cross-sectional analysis (2001-2010) of emergency department visits for patients ages 3 to 17 years in the nationally representative National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. We determined survey-weighted annual rates of codeine prescriptions and tested for linear trends over time. We used multivariate logistic regression to identify characteristics associated with codeine prescription and interrupted time-series analysis to assess changes in prescriptions for upper respiratory infection (URI) or cough associated with two 2006 national guidelines recommending against its use for these indications.
resultsThe proportion of visits (N = 189 million) with codeine prescription decreased from 3.7% to 2.9% during the study period (P = .008). Odds of codeine prescription were higher for children ages 8 to 12 years (odds ratio [OR], 1.42; 95% confidence interval [1.21-1.67]) and among providers outside the northeast. Odds were lower for children who were non-Hispanic black (OR, 0.67 [0.56-0.8]) or with Medicaid (OR, 0.84 [0.71-0.98]). The 2006 guidelines were not associated with a decline in codeine prescriptions for cough or URI visits.
conclusionsAlthough there was a small decline in codeine prescription over 10 years, use for cough or URI did not decline after national guidelines recommending against its use. More effective interventions are needed to prevent codeine prescription to children.
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