ArticleJournal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)2014
Cigarette smoke exposure exacerbates lung inflammation and compromises immunity to bacterial infection.
Article in Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 87 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
87 citing papers in PubMed, 149 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trial
- Cigarette smoke and e-cigarette aerosol extracts induce myelopoiesis and suppress inflammatory cytokine production.Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology · 2026Article
- Noninvasive repeated sampling technique reveals specific respiratory cytokine signatures for people who use electronic-cigarette and dual-products obtained from a remote cohort of young adults.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2026Article
- Host, Pathogen, and Pulmonary Anatomy in Pneumonia: An Integrated Imaging and Clinical Perspective.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Epithelial cells in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations: Targets for lung repair.Pharmacological reviews · 2026Review
- Measles seroprevalence among health care professionals during a period of increased transmission: A pilot study in Southern Italy.IJID regions · 2026Article
- Secondary Aspergillus candidus infection in a lung cancer patient with a heavy smoking history: a case report.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- The Role of Alpha-1 Antitrypsin in the Pathophysiology and Treatment of Inflammatory Lung Diseases.Journal of inflammation research · 2026Review
- Insights Into Effects of Natural Bioactive Components on Inflammatory Diseases in Respiratory Tract.Phytotherapy research : PTR · 2025Review
- Aged Garlic Extract and Its Bioactive Molecules S-Allyl-Cysteine and S1-Propenyl-Cysteine: A Review Focusing on Evidences Supporting Their Use for Mitigating the Effects of Cigarette Smoking.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Addressing treatable traits in bronchiectasis through non-pharmacological therapies: a narrative review.Journal of thoracic disease · 2025Review
- Parallel and convergent dynamics in the evolution of primary breast and lung adenocarcinomas.Communications biology · 2025Article
- Chronic Cigarette Smoke Exposure Masks Pathological Features of Helicobacter pylori Infection While Promoting Tumor Initiation.Cancer prevention research (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2025Article
- Article
- Identification of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor for N-Acetylcysteine to Rescue Nicotine-induced Injury Using Beating Cilia in Primary Tissue Derived Airway Organoids.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Genetic diversity leads to differential inflammatory responses to cigarette smoke in mice.Physiological reports · 2025Article
- The Combined Effect of Smoking and Obesity on Hypertension: Implications for Clinical Management.Current hypertension reviews · 2025Review
- Clinical and demographic characteristics of patients presenting with post-infectious bronchial hyperresponsiveness at a pulmonology clinic.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Does Tobacco Smoking Affect Vaccine-Induced Immune Response? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Vaccines · 2024Review
- Insights into the Overlap of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Sleep Apnea: Experience from the Clinic of Pneumology, Târgu Mureș.Clinics and practice · 2024Article
27 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The detrimental impact of tobacco on human health is clearly recognized, and despite aggressive efforts to prevent smoking, close to one billion individuals worldwide continue to smoke. People with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are susceptible to recurrent respiratory infections with pathogens, including nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHI), yet the reasons for this increased susceptibility are poorly understood. Because mortality rapidly increases with multiple exacerbations, development of protective immunity is critical to improving patient survival. Acute NTHI infection has been studied in the context of cigarette smoke exposure, but this is the first study, to our knowledge, to investigate chronic infection and the generation of adaptive immune responses to NTHI after chronic smoke exposure. After chronic NTHI infection, mice that had previously been exposed to cigarette smoke developed increased lung inflammation and compromised adaptive immunity relative to air-exposed controls. Importantly, NTHI-specific T cells from mice exposed to cigarette smoke produced lower levels of IFN-γ and IL-4, and B cells produced reduced levels of Abs against outer-membrane lipoprotein P6, with impaired IgG1, IgG2a, and IgA class switching. However, production of IL-17, which is associated with neutrophilic inflammation, was enhanced. Interestingly, cigarette smoke-exposed mice exhibited a similar defect in the generation of adaptive immunity after immunization with P6. Our study has conclusively demonstrated that cigarette smoke exposure has a profound suppressive effect on the generation of adaptive immune responses to NTHI and suggests the mechanism by which prior cigarette smoke exposure predisposes chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients to recurrent infections, leading to exacerbations and contributing to mortality.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.