ArticleHypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979)2014
Serum aldosterone and death, end-stage renal disease, and cardiovascular events in blacks and whites: findings from the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study.
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Article in Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979), 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
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24citing papers in PubMed
2.6field-weighted citation impact, top 10% of its field
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effect of spironolactone on vascular stiffness in hemodialysis patients: a randomized crossover trial.Upsala journal of medical sciences · 2022Trial
- The Burden, Outcomes, and Management of Patients with Aldosterone Dysregulation: A Targeted Literature Review.Advances in therapy · 2026Review
- Article
- Poor sleep quality was associated with increased plasma aldosterone concentration in community dwellers, a cross-sectional study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Adverse Effects of Aldosterone: Beyond Blood Pressure.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2024Review
- Association of the trajectory of plasma aldosterone concentration with the risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with hypertension: a cohort study.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Primary Aldosteronism in Chronic Kidney Disease: Blood Pressure Control and Kidney and Cardiovascular Outcomes After Surgical Versus Medical Management.Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) · 2023Article
- Proteomic cardiovascular risk assessment in chronic kidney disease.European heart journal · 2023Article
- Primary Aldosteronism and the Role of Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists for the Heart and Kidneys.Annual review of medicine · 2023Review
- Modulation of cardiometabolic risk and CardioRenal syndrome by oral vitamin DRenal failure · 2022Article
- Aldosterone in chronic kidney disease and renal outcomes.European heart journal · 2022Article
- Article
- Heightened Cardiovascular Risk in Hypertension Associated With Renin-Independent Aldosteronism Versus Renin-Dependent Aldosteronism: A Collaborative Study.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2021Article
- Longitudinal Changes in Prorenin and Renin in the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort.American journal of nephrology · 2021Observational
- Superiority of albumin-globulin ratio over albumin to predict mortality in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Impact of high-dose diuretic combination therapy on volume status in peritoneal dialysis patients.Kidney research and clinical practice · 2019Article
- Lipocalin-2 derived from adipose tissue mediates aldosterone-induced renal injury.JCI insight · 2018Article
- Aldosterone, Renin, Cardiovascular Events, and All-Cause Mortality Among African Americans: The Jackson Heart Study.JACC. Heart failure · 2017Article
- Positive association between KCNJ5 rs2604204 (A/C) polymorphism and plasma aldosterone levels, but also plasma renin and angiotensin I and II levels, in newly diagnosed hypertensive Chinese: a case-control study.Journal of human hypertension · 2017Article
- Elevated plasma aldosterone is an independent risk factor for erectile dysfunction in men.World journal of urology · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Rajat DeoFrom the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (R.D., A.M.K.) and Department of Medicine, The Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension Division (R.R.T.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics and the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia (W.Y., X.Z., M.B.L., H.I.F.); Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle (N.B.); Division of Nephrology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (M.B.L.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (M.G.K.); Epidemiological Cardiology Research Center (E.Z.S.), Department of Epidemiology and Prevention (E.Z.S.), and Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology Section (E.Z.S.), Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, St John Hospital and Medical Center, Detroit, MI (S.S.); Department of Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco (M.G.S.); and Department of General Internal Medicine, San Francisco VA Medical Center, CA (M.G.S.). Rajat.Deo@uphs.upenn.edu.
Wei YangFrom the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (R.D., A.M.K.) and Department of Medicine, The Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension Division (R.R.T.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics and the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia (W.Y., X.Z., M.B.L., H.I.F.); Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle (N.B.); Division of Nephrology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (M.B.L.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (M.G.K.); Epidemiological Cardiology Research Center (E.Z.S.), Department of Epidemiology and Prevention (E.Z.S.), and Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology Section (E.Z.S.), Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, St John Hospital and Medical Center, Detroit, MI (S.S.); Department of Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco (M.G.S.); and Department of General Internal Medicine, San Francisco VA Medical Center, CA (M.G.S.).
Abigail M KhanFrom the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (R.D., A.M.K.) and Department of Medicine, The Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension Division (R.R.T.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics and the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia (W.Y., X.Z., M.B.L., H.I.F.); Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle (N.B.); Division of Nephrology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (M.B.L.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (M.G.K.); Epidemiological Cardiology Research Center (E.Z.S.), Department of Epidemiology and Prevention (E.Z.S.), and Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology Section (E.Z.S.), Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, St John Hospital and Medical Center, Detroit, MI (S.S.); Department of Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco (M.G.S.); and Department of General Internal Medicine, San Francisco VA Medical Center, CA (M.G.S.).
Nisha BansalFrom the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (R.D., A.M.K.) and Department of Medicine, The Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension Division (R.R.T.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics and the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia (W.Y., X.Z., M.B.L., H.I.F.); Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle (N.B.); Division of Nephrology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (M.B.L.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (M.G.K.); Epidemiological Cardiology Research Center (E.Z.S.), Department of Epidemiology and Prevention (E.Z.S.), and Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology Section (E.Z.S.), Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, St John Hospital and Medical Center, Detroit, MI (S.S.); Department of Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco (M.G.S.); and Department of General Internal Medicine, San Francisco VA Medical Center, CA (M.G.S.).
Xiaoming ZhangFrom the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (R.D., A.M.K.) and Department of Medicine, The Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension Division (R.R.T.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics and the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia (W.Y., X.Z., M.B.L., H.I.F.); Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle (N.B.); Division of Nephrology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (M.B.L.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (M.G.K.); Epidemiological Cardiology Research Center (E.Z.S.), Department of Epidemiology and Prevention (E.Z.S.), and Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology Section (E.Z.S.), Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, St John Hospital and Medical Center, Detroit, MI (S.S.); Department of Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco (M.G.S.); and Department of General Internal Medicine, San Francisco VA Medical Center, CA (M.G.S.).
Mary B LeonardFrom the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (R.D., A.M.K.) and Department of Medicine, The Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension Division (R.R.T.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics and the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia (W.Y., X.Z., M.B.L., H.I.F.); Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle (N.B.); Division of Nephrology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (M.B.L.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (M.G.K.); Epidemiological Cardiology Research Center (E.Z.S.), Department of Epidemiology and Prevention (E.Z.S.), and Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology Section (E.Z.S.), Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, St John Hospital and Medical Center, Detroit, MI (S.S.); Department of Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco (M.G.S.); and Department of General Internal Medicine, San Francisco VA Medical Center, CA (M.G.S.).
Martin G KeaneFrom the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (R.D., A.M.K.) and Department of Medicine, The Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension Division (R.R.T.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics and the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia (W.Y., X.Z., M.B.L., H.I.F.); Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle (N.B.); Division of Nephrology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (M.B.L.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (M.G.K.); Epidemiological Cardiology Research Center (E.Z.S.), Department of Epidemiology and Prevention (E.Z.S.), and Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology Section (E.Z.S.), Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, St John Hospital and Medical Center, Detroit, MI (S.S.); Department of Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco (M.G.S.); and Department of General Internal Medicine, San Francisco VA Medical Center, CA (M.G.S.).
Elsayed Z SolimanFrom the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (R.D., A.M.K.) and Department of Medicine, The Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension Division (R.R.T.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics and the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia (W.Y., X.Z., M.B.L., H.I.F.); Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle (N.B.); Division of Nephrology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (M.B.L.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (M.G.K.); Epidemiological Cardiology Research Center (E.Z.S.), Department of Epidemiology and Prevention (E.Z.S.), and Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology Section (E.Z.S.), Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, St John Hospital and Medical Center, Detroit, MI (S.S.); Department of Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco (M.G.S.); and Department of General Internal Medicine, San Francisco VA Medical Center, CA (M.G.S.).
Susan SteigerwaltFrom the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (R.D., A.M.K.) and Department of Medicine, The Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension Division (R.R.T.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics and the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia (W.Y., X.Z., M.B.L., H.I.F.); Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle (N.B.); Division of Nephrology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (M.B.L.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (M.G.K.); Epidemiological Cardiology Research Center (E.Z.S.), Department of Epidemiology and Prevention (E.Z.S.), and Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology Section (E.Z.S.), Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, St John Hospital and Medical Center, Detroit, MI (S.S.); Department of Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco (M.G.S.); and Department of General Internal Medicine, San Francisco VA Medical Center, CA (M.G.S.).
Raymond R TownsendFrom the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (R.D., A.M.K.) and Department of Medicine, The Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension Division (R.R.T.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics and the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia (W.Y., X.Z., M.B.L., H.I.F.); Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle (N.B.); Division of Nephrology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (M.B.L.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (M.G.K.); Epidemiological Cardiology Research Center (E.Z.S.), Department of Epidemiology and Prevention (E.Z.S.), and Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology Section (E.Z.S.), Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, St John Hospital and Medical Center, Detroit, MI (S.S.); Department of Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco (M.G.S.); and Department of General Internal Medicine, San Francisco VA Medical Center, CA (M.G.S.).
Michael G ShlipakFrom the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (R.D., A.M.K.) and Department of Medicine, The Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension Division (R.R.T.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics and the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia (W.Y., X.Z., M.B.L., H.I.F.); Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle (N.B.); Division of Nephrology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (M.B.L.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (M.G.K.); Epidemiological Cardiology Research Center (E.Z.S.), Department of Epidemiology and Prevention (E.Z.S.), and Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology Section (E.Z.S.), Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, St John Hospital and Medical Center, Detroit, MI (S.S.); Department of Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco (M.G.S.); and Department of General Internal Medicine, San Francisco VA Medical Center, CA (M.G.S.).
Harold I FeldmanFrom the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (R.D., A.M.K.) and Department of Medicine, The Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension Division (R.R.T.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics and the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia (W.Y., X.Z., M.B.L., H.I.F.); Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle (N.B.); Division of Nephrology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (M.B.L.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (M.G.K.); Epidemiological Cardiology Research Center (E.Z.S.), Department of Epidemiology and Prevention (E.Z.S.), and Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology Section (E.Z.S.), Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, St John Hospital and Medical Center, Detroit, MI (S.S.); Department of Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco (M.G.S.); and Department of General Internal Medicine, San Francisco VA Medical Center, CA (M.G.S.).
CRIC Study Investigators
Temple University · USChildren's Hospital of Philadelphia · USUniversity of Washington · USSt. John Hospital & Medical Center · USUniversity of California, San Francisco · USUniversity of Pennsylvania · US
Funding
UCSF CLINICAL AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE INSTITUTEUL1RR024131 · NCRR · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI JOHNSTON, S. CLAIBORNE · 2006 to 2011
$111.2MEngaging University of California Stakeholders for Biorespository ResearchUL1TR000004 · NCATS · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI GRANDIS, JENNIFER RUBIN · 2012 to 2015
$78.0MScientific and Data Coordinating Center(SDCC) for the P*U01DK060990 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA · PI FELDMAN, HAROLD I · 2001 to 2017
$50.1MClinical and Translational Science Collaborative of ClevelandUL1TR000439 · NCATS · CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY · PI KONSTAN, MICHAEL W. · 2012 to 2016
$50.0MMichigan Institute for Clinical and Health Research (MCHR)UL1TR000433 · NCATS · UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR · PI MASHOUR, GEORGE ALEXANDER · 2012 to 2016
$49.9MInstitutional Clinical and Translational Science AwardUL1TR000003 · NCATS · UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA · PI FITZGERALD, GARRET A · 2012 to 2015
$38.9MZonulin Antibodies in Intestinal Permeabilitiy in IDDMM01RR016500 · NCRR · UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND BALTIMORE · PI ONUKWUGHA, EBERECHUKWU · 2002 to 2009
$20.2MStudy of the Care and Outcomes of REnal InsufficiencyU01DK060902 · NIDDK · KAISER FOUNDATION RESEARCH INSTITUTE · PI GO, ALAN S · 2001 to 2025
$19.5MLimited Competition for the Continuation of the Chronic Renal Insufficiency CohorU01DK061021 · NIDDK · CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY · PI RAHMAN, MAHBOOB · 2001 to 2025
$17.3MProspective Renal Insufficiency Cohort Evaluation:PRICEU01DK060984 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA · PI COHEN, DEBBIE L · 2001 to 2025
$17.0MProspective Cohort Study of Chronic Renal InsufficiencyU01DK061028 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR · PI RAO, PANDURANGA S · 2001 to 2025
$16.9MLimited Competition for the Continuation of the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Hopkins Clinical CenterU01DK061022 · NIDDK · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI APPEL, LAWRENCE JOHN · 2001 to 2025
$15.7MNCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR000003NCATS NIH HHS UL1TR000003NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR000004NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR-000424NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR000424NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR000433NCATS NIH HHS UL1TR000433NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR000439NCATS NIH HHS UL1TR000439NCRR NIH HHS M01 RR016500NCRR NIH HHS M01 RR-16500NCRR NIH HHS UL1 RR-024131NCRR NIH HHS UL1 RR024131NCRR NIH HHS UL1 RR029879NCRR NIH HHS UL1RR029879NIDDK NIH HHS K23 DK089118NIDDK NIH HHS K23DK089118NIDDK NIH HHS K24 DK002651NIDDK NIH HHS K24 DK076808NIDDK NIH HHS R01 DK072231NIDDK NIH HHS R01 DK139225NIDDK NIH HHS U01 DK060902NIDDK NIH HHS U01DK060902NIDDK NIH HHS U01 DK060963NIDDK NIH HHS U01DK060963NIDDK NIH HHS U01 DK060980NIDDK NIH HHS U01DK060980NIDDK NIH HHS U01 DK060984NIDDK NIH HHS U01DK060984NIDDK NIH HHS U01 DK060990NIDDK NIH HHS U01DK060990NIDDK NIH HHS U01 DK061021NIDDK NIH HHS U01DK061021NIDDK NIH HHS U01 DK061022NIDDK NIH HHS U01DK061022NIDDK NIH HHS U01 DK061028NIDDK NIH HHS U01DK061028NIGMS NIH HHS P30 GM103337NIGMS NIH HHS P30GM103337
Abstract
Prior studies have demonstrated that elevated aldosterone concentrations are an independent risk factor for death in patients with cardiovascular disease. Limited studies, however, have evaluated systematically the association between serum aldosterone and adverse events in the setting of chronic kidney disease. We investigated the association between serum aldosterone and death and end-stage renal disease in 3866 participants from the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort. We also evaluated the association between aldosterone and incident congestive heart failure and atherosclerotic events in participants without baseline cardiovascular disease. Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate independent associations between elevated aldosterone concentrations and each outcome. Interactions were hypothesized and explored between aldosterone and sex, race, and the use of loop diuretics and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors. During a median follow-up period of 5.4 years, 587 participants died, 743 developed end-stage renal disease, 187 developed congestive heart failure, and 177 experienced an atherosclerotic event. Aldosterone concentrations (per SD of the log-transformed aldosterone) were not an independent risk factor for death (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.00; 95% confidence interval, 0.93-1.12), end-stage renal disease (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.07; 95% confidence interval, 0.99-1.17), or atherosclerotic events (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.04; 95% confidence interval, 0.85-1.18). Aldosterone was associated with congestive heart failure (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.21; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-1.35). Among participants with chronic kidney disease, higher aldosterone concentrations were independently associated with the development of congestive heart failure but not for death, end-stage renal disease, or atherosclerotic events. Further studies should evaluate whether mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists may reduce adverse events in individuals with chronic kidney disease because elevated cortisol levels may activate the mineralocorticoid receptor.
Indexed as
AgedAldosteroneBlack PeopleCardiovascular DiseasesFemaleFollow-Up StudiesGlomerular Filtration RateHumansKidney Failure, ChronicMaleMiddle AgedPrognosisRenal Insufficiency, ChronicRisk FactorsWhite PeopleAldosteronealdosteronedeathheart failurerenal insufficiency, chronic
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