ReviewNature reviews. Drug discovery2014
Interleukin-21: a double-edged sword with therapeutic potential.
Review in Nature reviews. Drug discovery, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 308 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
308 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 542 citations in OpenAlex.
- T-bet: biological functions, molecular mechanisms, and therapeutic applications: a systematic review.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Effects of Schistosoma haematobium infection and treatment on the systemic and mucosal immune phenotype, gene expression and microbiome: A systematic review.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Pooled it
- Engineering cytokines for cancer immunotherapy: a systematic review.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Pooled it
- The Hitchhiker Guide to CD4Frontiers in immunology · 2021Pooled it
- Rituximab in the Treatment of Interstitial Lung Diseases Related to Anti-Melanoma Differentiation-Associated Gene 5 Dermatomyositis: A Systematic Review.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Pooled it
- Efficacy and safety of low-dose interleukin-2 in combination with methotrexate in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2022Trial
- Article
- Virobiome-mediated regulation of microbiota-gut-brain axis signaling and neuroimmune homeostasis.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Review
- 25 Years of Cancer Immunoediting: Dendritic Cells and Macrophages Filled the Missing Gap.Cancers · 2026Review
- IL-21 controls CD8Zoological research · 2026Article
- Impact of genetic polymorphisms in the interleukin-18 and interleukin-21 genes on the risk and clinical outcomes of multiple sclerosis.BMC neurology · 2026Article
- Covalent tumor anchoring spatially orchestrates antitumor immunity.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Differences in Susceptibility to Cyprinid Herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) Infection Among Carp (Viruses · 2026Article
- Augmentation of IL-21 and soluble CD14 in systemic aspergillosis through combined immunostimulation with beta-glucan and diphtheria toxoid.Open veterinary journal · 2026Article
- Immune Exhaustion in Chronic Infection and Cancer: Signaling Pathways and Therapeutic Interventions.MedComm · 2026Review
- HIF-2α induction in de novo lipogenesis in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis is dependent on IL-21 signaling.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2026Article
- Endothelium-Treg Communication Through Extracellular Vesicle Transfer Exacerbates Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2026Article
- Plasmablast Storms: Microbial Drivers of Acute and Chronic Autoimmune Flares.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- AttenuatedActa pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2026Article
- IL-21 expression during sublingual immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis.American journal of clinical and experimental immunology · 2026Article
248 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Interleukin-21 is a cytokine with broad pleiotropic actions that affect the differentiation and function of lymphoid and myeloid cells. Since its discovery in 2000, a tremendous amount has been learned about its biological actions and the molecular mechanisms controlling IL-21-mediated cellular responses. IL-21 regulates both innate and adaptive immune responses, and it not only has key roles in antitumour and antiviral responses but also exerts major effects on inflammatory responses that promote the development of autoimmune diseases and inflammatory disorders. Numerous studies have shown that enhancing or inhibiting the action of IL-21 has therapeutic effects in animal models of a wide range of diseases, and various clinical trials are underway. The current challenge is to understand how to specifically modulate the actions of IL-21 in the context of each specific immune response or pathological situation. In this Review, we provide an overview of the basic biology of IL-21 and discuss how this information has been - and can be - exploited therapeutically.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.