ReviewClinical and experimental immunology2014
Helminths in the hygiene hypothesis: sooner or later?
Review in Clinical and experimental immunology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 64 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
64 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 111 citations in OpenAlex.
- Environmental Hygiene and Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Inflammatory bowel diseases · 2016Pooled it
- Comprehensive Transcriptome Meta-analysis to Characterize Host Immune Responses in Helminth Infections.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2016Pooled it
- Selective Packaging of miR-22 and miR-29 Orthologues into Extracellular Vesicles of the Porcine Whipworm Trichuris Suis.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2026Article
- Intermittent Administration of Helminth-Derived Fh15 Modulates Gut Microbiota and Partially Mitigates Dysbiosis in Early Stages of Severe Experimental Colitis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- [A case of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis complicated by pinworm infection in a child: immune interaction mechanism and stepwise treatment strategy].Zhongguo dang dai er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of contemporary pediatrics · 2026Article
- Single-cell transcriptome sequencing reveals immunological mechanisms by which recombinant Echinococcus granulosus P29 protein alleviates airway inflammation in mice with allergic asthma.Parasites & vectors · 2026Article
- Embodiment of structural racism and multiple sclerosis risk and outcomes in the USA.Nature reviews. Neurology · 2025Review
- Soil-Transmitted Helminths and the Intricacies of Immunoregulation: Evidence From Amazonian Ecuador for the Importance of Considering Species-Specific Effects Within the Old Friends Hypothesis.American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council · 2025Article
- Biodegradable Electrospun PLGA Nanofibers-Encapsulated Trichinella Spiralis Antigens Protect from Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis and Related Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis.International journal of nanomedicine · 2025Article
- Single-cell molecular signature of pathogenic T helper subsets in type 2-associated disorders in humans.JCI insight · 2024Article
- Immunological factors linked to geographical variation in vaccine responses.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2024Review
- Modulatory Effects of Hydatid Cyst Fluid on a Mouse Model of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis.Veterinary sciences · 2024Article
- Amelioration of ovalbumin-induced lung inflammation in a mouse model byVeterinary world · 2023Article
- Protection from T cell-dependent colitis by the helminth-derived immunomodulatory mimic of transforming growth factor-β,Discovery immunology · 2023Article
- Rural Embodiment and Community Health: an Anthropological Case Study on Biocultural Determinants of Tropical Disease Infection and Immune System Development in the USA.Current tropical medicine reports · 2023Review
- Ascarosides from helminths pack a punch against allergy.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2022Article
- Concurrent allergy and helminthiasis in underprivileged urban South African adults previously residing in rural areas.Parasite immunology · 2022Article
- Helminth and Host Crosstalk: New Insight Into Treatment of Obesity and Its Associated Metabolic Syndromes.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Host-microbiota interactions shaping T-cell response and tolerance in type 1 diabetes.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Article
4 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
There is increasing recognition that exposures to infectious agents evoke fundamental effects on the development and behaviour of the immune system. Moreover, where infections (especially parasitic infections) have declined, immune responses appear to be increasingly prone to hyperactivity. For example, epidemiological studies of parasite-endemic areas indicate that prenatal or early-life experience of infections can imprint an individual's immunological reactivity. However, the ability of helminths to dampen pathology in established inflammatory diseases implies that they can have therapeutic effects even if the immune system has developed in a low-infection setting. With recent investigations of how parasites are able to modulate host immune pathology at the level of individual parasite molecules and host cell populations, we are now able to dissect the nature of the host-parasite interaction at both the initiation and recall phases of the immune response. Thus the question remains - is the influence of parasites on immunity one that acts primarily in early life, and at initiation of the immune response, or in adulthood and when recall responses occur? In short, parasite immunosuppression - sooner or later?
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.