ArticleNucleic acids research2014
RalR (a DNase) and RalA (a small RNA) form a type I toxin-antitoxin system in Escherichia coli.
Article in Nucleic acids research, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 67 papers.
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Who cites it
67 citing papers in PubMed, 113 citations in OpenAlex.
- Phosphorylation of PfiA modulates Pf4 phage production through PfiA/PfiT stoichiometric reconfiguration inScience advances · 2026Article
- Diverse Bacterial Anti-Phage Strategies: From the Laboratory to the Clinic.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Review
- Design of orthogonal and portable RNA devices for post-transcriptional regulation by reverse engineering type I toxin-antitoxin systems.Nucleic acids research · 2025Article
- The Prevalence and Diversity of Marine Toxin-Antitoxin Systems.Marine drugs · 2025Article
- Membrane selectivity and pore formation of SprA1 and SprA2 hemolytic peptides from Staphylococcus aureus type I toxin-antitoxin systems.The FEBS journal · 2025Article
- Article
- Multiscale regulation of nutrient stress responses in Escherichia coli from chromatin structure to small regulatory RNAs.Nucleic acids research · 2025Article
- A noncanonical intrinsic terminator in the HicAB toxin-antitoxin operon promotes the transmission of conjugative antibiotic resistance plasmids.Nucleic acids research · 2025Article
- A transcription factor from the cryptic Escherichia coli Rac prophage controls both phage and host operons.Nucleic acids research · 2025Article
- The Role of the Hfq Protein in Bacterial Resistance to Antibiotics: A Narrative Review.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- Type I toxin-antitoxin systems in bacteria: from regulation to biological functions.EcoSal Plus · 2024Review
- Conformational change as a mechanism for toxin activation in bacterial toxin-antitoxin systems.Journal of virology · 2024Review
- Control of lysogeny and antiphage defense by a prophage-encoded kinase-phosphatase module.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Activity of Membrane-Permeabilizing Lpt Peptides.Biomolecules · 2024Article
- Single-cell analysis reveals that cryptic prophage protease LfgB protectsMicrobiology spectrum · 2024Article
- Phages are unrecognized players in the ecology of the oral pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis.Microbiome · 2023Article
- Applications of toxin-antitoxin systems in synthetic biology.Engineering microbiology · 2023Review
- Toxin-antitoxin systems in bacterial pathogenesis.Heliyon · 2023Review
- Unveil the Secret of the Bacteria and Phage Arms Race.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Type II Toxin-Antitoxin Systems inToxins · 2023Review
7 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
For toxin/antitoxin (TA) systems, no toxin has been identified that functions by cleaving DNA. Here, we demonstrate that RalR and RalA of the cryptic prophage rac form a type I TA pair in which the antitoxin RNA is a trans-encoded small RNA with 16 nucleotides of complementarity to the toxin mRNA. We suggest the newly discovered antitoxin gene be named ralA for RalR antitoxin. Toxin RalR functions as a non-specific endonuclease that cleaves methylated and unmethylated DNA. The RNA chaperone Hfq is required for RalA antitoxin activity and appears to stabilize RalA. Also, RalR/RalA is beneficial to the Escherichia coli host for responding to the antibiotic fosfomycin. Hence, our results indicate that cryptic prophage genes can be functionally divergent from their active phage counterparts after integration into the host genome.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.