ArticleToxicology and applied pharmacology2014
Exploring the potential role of tungsten carbide cobalt (WC-Co) nanoparticle internalization in observed toxicity toward lung epithelial cells in vitro.
Article in Toxicology and applied pharmacology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 53 citations in OpenAlex.
- TGF-β2 and KL-6 as potential biomarkers for hard metal lung disease.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2026Article
- Conversion of COJournal of environmental chemical engineering · 2026Article
- Z‑Amino Acids Present Innovative Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Properties against Methicillin-Susceptible and -ResistantACS omega · 2026Article
- Plasma membrane damage by environmental materials enhances cell-cell fusion and impairs defense functions of macrophages.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Tungsten carbide-cobalt can function as a particle positive control for genotoxicity in vitro in specific cell lines.Mutagenesis · 2025Article
- The potential adverse human health effects of metal-containing nanoparticles: a scoping review.Journal of occupational medicine and toxicology (London, England) · 2025Review
- Antimicrobial Peptide Identified via Machine Learning Presents Both Potent Antibacterial Properties and Low Toxicity toward Human Cells.Microorganisms · 2024Article
- Nanomaterial-assisted theranosis of bone diseases.Bioactive materials · 2023Review
- In vitro analysis of the cytotoxic effect of two different sizes ITER-like tungsten nanoparticles on human dermal fibroblasts.Heliyon · 2023Article
- Tungsten toxicity and carcinogenesis.Advances in pharmacology (San Diego, Calif.) · 2023Article
- Mechanisms of cell injury induced by inhaled molybdenum trioxide nanoparticles in Golden Syrian Hamsters.Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.) · 2022Article
- Toxicological Assessment of ITER-Like Tungsten Nanoparticles Using an In Vitro 3D Human Airway Epithelium Model.Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2019Article
- In Vitro Analysis of the Effects of ITER-Like Tungsten Nanoparticles: Cytotoxicity and Epigenotoxicity in BEAS-2B Cells.Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2019Article
- Silver nanoparticles present high intracellular and extracellular killing against Staphylococcus aureus.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2019Article
- Manufacturing and Characterization of Zn-WC as Potential Biodegradable Material.Procedia manufacturing · 2019Article
- Comparative Assessment of Tungsten Toxicity in the Absence or Presence of Other Metals.Toxics · 2018Review
- Tungsten: an Emerging Toxicant, Alone or in Combination.Current environmental health reports · 2016Review
- N-acetylcysteine Attenuates Cobalt Nanoparticle-Induced Cytotoxic Effects through Inhibition of Cell Death, Reactive Oxygen Species-related Signaling and Cytokines Expression.Orthopaedic surgery · 2016Article
- Dust and Cobalt Levels in the Austrian Tungsten Industry: Workplace and Human Biomonitoring Data.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2016Article
- Biological and environmental interactions of emerging two-dimensional nanomaterials.Chemical Society reviews · 2016Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Tungsten carbide cobalt (WC-Co) has been recognized as a workplace inhalation hazard in the manufacturing, mining and drilling industries by the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health. Exposure to WC-Co is known to cause "hard metal lung disease" but the relationship between exposure, toxicity and development of disease remain poorly understood. To better understand this relationship, the present study examined the role of WC-Co particle size and internalization on toxicity using lung epithelial cells. We demonstrated that nano- and micro-WC-Co particles exerted toxicity in a dose- and time-dependent manner and that nano-WC-Co particles caused significantly greater toxicity at lower concentrations and shorter exposure times compared to micro-WC-Co particles. WC-Co particles in the nano-size range (not micron-sized) were internalized by lung epithelial cells, which suggested that internalization may play a key role in the enhanced toxicity of nano-WC-Co particles over micro-WC-Co particles. Further exploration of the internalization process indicated that there may be multiple mechanisms involved in WC-Co internalization such as actin and microtubule based cytoskeletal rearrangements. These findings support our hypothesis that WC-Co particle internalization contributes to cellular toxicity and suggest that therapeutic treatments inhibiting particle internalization may serve as prophylactic approaches for those at risk of WC-Co particle exposure.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.