ReviewFrontiers in immunology2014
The HPA - Immune Axis and the Immunomodulatory Actions of Glucocorticoids in the Brain.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 221 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
221 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 390 citations in OpenAlex.
- Research hotspots and trends of non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation: a bibliometric analysis from 2004 to 2023.Frontiers in neurology · 2024Pooled it
- Nocturnal Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate Reduces Cortisol-Awakening Response and Morning Kynurenine Pathway Metabolites in Healthy Volunteers.The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology · 2019Trial
- Oxytocin as regulator of stress and inflammation in aging.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2026Review
- The carotid body in sepsis: From homeostatic defense to immunometabolic dysregulation.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Review
- The dual role of arginine vasopressin in immune regulation: Balancing immunostimulation and immunosuppression.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Review
- Excess Precipitation in Early Growing Season Increases Pathogen Pressure in Semiarid Grassland Ecosystem.Integrative zoology · 2026Article
- Differential expression of lymphocyte markers by neighborhood opportunity among US adults: Insights from the Midlife in the United States study.Psychoneuroendocrinology · 2026Article
- Blunted Cortisol Awakening Response in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Cross-Sectional Case-Control Study.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- A brain-lung circuit drives LPS-induced lung injury via sympathetic neutrophil axis.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- Adrenal Gland Macrophage-derived TGF-β Governs Vascular Permeability to Drive Monocyte Recruitment during Stress.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Article
- 'Glucocorticoids, Cushing's syndrome and cellular senescence: a mechanistic link to metabolic ageing'.Endocrine connections · 2026Review
- Biochemical Mechanisms of Cellular Stress Adaptation in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Diseases.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Cross-Organ Neuroimmunology of Behavior.Annual review of immunology · 2026Review
- Shared genetic architecture of psychoactive substance use and pan-cancer: insights from a large‑scale genome‑wide cross‑trait analysis.BMC medicine · 2026Article
- Post-traumatic stress disorder impairs CD8Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Article
- Obesity and Depression.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2026Review
- Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in brain aging: from mitochondrial dysfunction to inflammaging.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2026Review
- Dose-response curves for the effects of eucalyptus essential oil nanoemulsion on growth performance and health status of heat-stressed growing rabbits.Animal bioscience · 2026Article
- Adrenal and Metabolic Hormonal Axes Shape Anti-Tuberculosis Immune Responses in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Tuberculosis Coinfection.Neuroimmunomodulation · 2026Review
161 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In response to physiological and psychogenic stressors, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis orchestrates the systemic release of glucocorticoids (GCs). By virtue of nearly ubiquitous expression of the GC receptor and the multifaceted metabolic, cardiovascular, cognitive, and immunologic functions of GCs, this system plays an essential role in the response to stress and restoration of an homeostatic state. GCs act on almost all types of immune cells and were long recognized to perform salient immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory functions through various genomic and non-genomic mechanisms. These renowned effects of the steroid hormone have been exploited in the clinic for the past 70 years and synthetic GC derivatives are commonly used for the therapy of various allergic, autoimmune, inflammatory, and hematological disorders. The role of the HPA axis and GCs in restraining immune responses across the organism is however still debated in light of accumulating evidence suggesting that GCs can also have both permissive and stimulatory effects on the immune system under specific conditions. Such paradoxical actions of GCs are particularly evident in the brain, where substantial data support either a beneficial or detrimental role of the steroid hormone. In this review, we examine the roles of GCs on the innate immune system with a particular focus on the CNS compartment. We also dissect the numerous molecular mechanisms through which GCs exert their effects and discuss the various parameters influencing the paradoxical immunomodulatory functions of GCs in the brain.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.