Observational studyThe American journal of clinical nutrition2014
Dairy fat intake is associated with glucose tolerance, hepatic and systemic insulin sensitivity, and liver fat but not β-cell function in humans.
3 registry-linked trialsOpen access · bronzeAbstract readControlled Clinical TrialObservational Study
In one paragraph
Observational study in The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 3 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 40 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
40citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
6.2field-weighted citation impact, top 3% of its field
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Insulin Resistance in Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Insulin Resistance in Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (Protocol Drug Change From Project Career Development Award (CDA)-2-044-08S)
Full-fat Yogurt and Glucose Tolerance
Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 91 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Effect of dairy consumption and its fat content on glycemic control and cardiovascular disease risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled study.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2020Trial
- The effect of high compared with low dairy consumption on glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and metabolic flexibility in overweight adults: a randomized crossover trial.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2019Trial
- Beyond Saturated Fat: A Four-Dimensional Framework for Understanding Milk Fat in Human Health.Comprehensive reviews in food science and food safety · 2026Review
- Integration of gut microbiome and lipid metabolism reveals the anti-cancer effects of pentadecanoic acid on bladder cancer.BMC medicine · 2025Article
- Hidden Industrial Trans-Fatty Acids: Mechanistic Insights into Dyslipidemia, Cardiovascular Disease, and Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Article
- Review
- The causal association of cheese intake with type 2 diabetes mellitus: results from a two-sample Mendelian randomization study.Archives of medical science : AMS · 2024Article
- Article
- Heptadecanoic Acid Is Not a Key Mediator in the Prevention of Diet-Induced Hepatic Steatosis and Insulin Resistance in Mice.Nutrients · 2023Article
- Diet Quality and Liver Health in People Living with HIV in the MASH Cohort: A Multi-Omic Analysis of the Fecal Microbiome and Metabolome.Metabolites · 2023Article
- Dairy product consumption was associated with a lower likelihood of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in nutrition · 2023Article
- Can individual fatty acids be used as functional biomarkers of dairy fat consumption in relation to cardiometabolic health? A narrative review.The British journal of nutrition · 2022Review
- Association between dairy consumption and cardiovascular disease events, bone fracture and all-cause mortality.PloS one · 2022Article
- Dietary Composition and Its Association with Newly Diagnosed Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Insulin Resistance.Nutrients · 2021Article
- Cardiometabolic health benefits of dairy-milk polar lipids.Nutrition reviews · 2021Review
- Associations between fatty acid composition in serum cholesteryl esters and liver fat, basal fat oxidation, and resting energy expenditure: a population-based study.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2021Article
- Circulating Fatty Acids Associated with Advanced Liver Fibrosis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma in South Texas Hispanics.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2021Article
- Plasma Free Fatty Acids and Metabolic Effect in Type 2 Diabetes, an Ancillary Study from a Randomized Clinical Trial.Nutrients · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Mario KratzFrom the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Division of Public Health Sciences, Cancer Prevention Program (MK and XS) and Biostatistics Program (CD), Seattle, WA; the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (MK and KMU); the Departments of Epidemiology (MK) and Pathology (MMY), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; the University of Washington Northwest Lipid Research Laboratories, Seattle, WA (SM); Benaroya Research Institute, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA (JEN and KVK); the University of Washington Institute of Translational Health Sciences, Seattle, WA (HSC); and the VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Seattle, WA (KMU).
Santica MarcovinaFrom the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Division of Public Health Sciences, Cancer Prevention Program (MK and XS) and Biostatistics Program (CD), Seattle, WA; the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (MK and KMU); the Departments of Epidemiology (MK) and Pathology (MMY), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; the University of Washington Northwest Lipid Research Laboratories, Seattle, WA (SM); Benaroya Research Institute, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA (JEN and KVK); the University of Washington Institute of Translational Health Sciences, Seattle, WA (HSC); and the VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Seattle, WA (KMU).
James E NelsonFrom the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Division of Public Health Sciences, Cancer Prevention Program (MK and XS) and Biostatistics Program (CD), Seattle, WA; the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (MK and KMU); the Departments of Epidemiology (MK) and Pathology (MMY), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; the University of Washington Northwest Lipid Research Laboratories, Seattle, WA (SM); Benaroya Research Institute, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA (JEN and KVK); the University of Washington Institute of Translational Health Sciences, Seattle, WA (HSC); and the VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Seattle, WA (KMU).
Matthew M YehFrom the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Division of Public Health Sciences, Cancer Prevention Program (MK and XS) and Biostatistics Program (CD), Seattle, WA; the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (MK and KMU); the Departments of Epidemiology (MK) and Pathology (MMY), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; the University of Washington Northwest Lipid Research Laboratories, Seattle, WA (SM); Benaroya Research Institute, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA (JEN and KVK); the University of Washington Institute of Translational Health Sciences, Seattle, WA (HSC); and the VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Seattle, WA (KMU).
Kris V KowdleyFrom the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Division of Public Health Sciences, Cancer Prevention Program (MK and XS) and Biostatistics Program (CD), Seattle, WA; the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (MK and KMU); the Departments of Epidemiology (MK) and Pathology (MMY), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; the University of Washington Northwest Lipid Research Laboratories, Seattle, WA (SM); Benaroya Research Institute, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA (JEN and KVK); the University of Washington Institute of Translational Health Sciences, Seattle, WA (HSC); and the VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Seattle, WA (KMU).
Holly S CallahanFrom the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Division of Public Health Sciences, Cancer Prevention Program (MK and XS) and Biostatistics Program (CD), Seattle, WA; the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (MK and KMU); the Departments of Epidemiology (MK) and Pathology (MMY), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; the University of Washington Northwest Lipid Research Laboratories, Seattle, WA (SM); Benaroya Research Institute, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA (JEN and KVK); the University of Washington Institute of Translational Health Sciences, Seattle, WA (HSC); and the VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Seattle, WA (KMU).
Xiaoling SongFrom the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Division of Public Health Sciences, Cancer Prevention Program (MK and XS) and Biostatistics Program (CD), Seattle, WA; the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (MK and KMU); the Departments of Epidemiology (MK) and Pathology (MMY), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; the University of Washington Northwest Lipid Research Laboratories, Seattle, WA (SM); Benaroya Research Institute, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA (JEN and KVK); the University of Washington Institute of Translational Health Sciences, Seattle, WA (HSC); and the VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Seattle, WA (KMU).
Chongzhi DiFrom the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Division of Public Health Sciences, Cancer Prevention Program (MK and XS) and Biostatistics Program (CD), Seattle, WA; the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (MK and KMU); the Departments of Epidemiology (MK) and Pathology (MMY), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; the University of Washington Northwest Lipid Research Laboratories, Seattle, WA (SM); Benaroya Research Institute, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA (JEN and KVK); the University of Washington Institute of Translational Health Sciences, Seattle, WA (HSC); and the VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Seattle, WA (KMU).
Kristina M UtzschneiderFrom the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Division of Public Health Sciences, Cancer Prevention Program (MK and XS) and Biostatistics Program (CD), Seattle, WA; the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (MK and KMU); the Departments of Epidemiology (MK) and Pathology (MMY), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; the University of Washington Northwest Lipid Research Laboratories, Seattle, WA (SM); Benaroya Research Institute, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA (JEN and KVK); the University of Washington Institute of Translational Health Sciences, Seattle, WA (HSC); and the VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Seattle, WA (KMU).
Fred Hutch Cancer Center · USUniversity of Washington · USCape Town HVTN Immunology Laboratory / Hutchinson Centre Research Institute of South Africa · ZAPacific Northwest Diabetes Research Institute · USVirginia Mason Medical Center · US
Funding
Transform Dissemination and Implementation Science in CTSA ProgramsUL1TR002319 · NCATS · UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON · PI John K. Amory · 2017 to 2026
$100.0MINSTITUTE FOR TRANSLATIONAL HEALTH SCIENCE (UL1): BPCAUL1RR025014 · NCRR · UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON · PI DISIS, MARY L. · 2007 to 2011
$51.5MInstitute of Translational Health SciencesUL1TR000423 · NCATS · UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON · PI DISIS, MARY L. · 2012 to 2016
$49.4MVector and Transgenic Mouse CoreP30DK017047 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON · PI Sakeneh Zraika · 1986 to 2026
$41.4MPILOT STUDY--CLINICAL NUTRITION RESEARCHP30DK035816 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON · PI Ellen A Schur · 1986 to 2026
$30.4MWashington University Nutrition Obesity Research CenterP30DK056341 · NIDDK · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI Brian N Finck · 1999 to 2026
$30.2MWU P&FP30DK020579 · NIDDK · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI Jennifer Lynn Powers Carson · 2013 to 2026
$27.1MTRANSGENICS COREP60DK020579 · NIDDK · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI SCHAFFER, JEAN E. · 1986 to 2012
$25.2MYOGA LIFESTYLE INTERVENTION REDUCES BLOOD PRESSURE IN HIV-INFECTED ADULTSP41RR000954 · NCRR · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI GROSS, MICHAEL L · 1985 to 2011
$16.0MDiabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Training ProgramT32DK007247 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON · PI GREGORY J MORTON, KRISTINA Marie UTZSCHNEIDER · 1986 to 2026
$10.0MClinical Research Network in Non-Alcoholic SteatohepatitisU01DK061728 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON · PI KRIS KOWDLEY · 2002 to 2026
$9.0MTHE ROLE OF IRON AND HFE GENOTYPE IN LIVER DISEASEK24DK002957 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON · PI KOWDLEY, KRIS · 2001 to 2010
$1.5MNCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR000423NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002319NCRR NIH HHS RR000954NCRR NIH HHS UL1RR025014NIDDK NIH HHS DK020579NIDDK NIH HHS DK056341NIDDK NIH HHS K24 DK002957NIDDK NIH HHS K24DK002957NIDDK NIH HHS P30 DK017047NIDDK NIH HHS P30DK017047NIDDK NIH HHS P30DK035816NIDDK NIH HHS T32DK007247NIDDK NIH HHS U01DK061728NIEHS NIH HHS R21 ES022332NIEHS NIH HHS R21ES022332
Abstract
backgroundPlasma phospholipid concentrations of trans-palmitoleic acid (trans-16:1n-7), a biomarker of dairy fat intake, are inversely associated with incident type 2 diabetes in 2 US cohorts.
objectiveThe objective was to investigate whether the intake of trans-16:1n-7 in particular, or dairy fat in general, is associated with glucose tolerance and key factors determining glucose tolerance.
designA cross-sectional investigation was undertaken in 17 men and women with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and 15 body mass index (BMI)- and age-matched controls. The concentrations of trans-16:1n-7 and 2 other biomarkers of dairy fat intake, 15:0 and 17:0, were measured in plasma phospholipids and free fatty acids (FFAs). Liver fat was estimated by computed tomography-derived liver-spleen ratio. Intravenous-glucose-tolerance tests and oral-glucose-tolerance test (OGTT) and hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps were performed to assess β-cell function and hepatic and systemic insulin sensitivity.
resultsIn multivariate analyses adjusted for age, sex, and BMI, phospholipid 17:0, phospholipid trans-16:1n-7, FFA 15:0, and FFA 17:0 were inversely associated with fasting plasma glucose, the area under the curve for glucose during an OGTT, and liver fat. Phospholipid trans-16:1n-7 was also positively associated with hepatic and systemic insulin sensitivity. None of the biomarkers were associated with β-cell function. The associations between dairy fat intake and glucose tolerance were attenuated by adjusting for insulin sensitivity or liver fat, but strengthened by adjusting for β-cell function.
conclusionAlthough we cannot rule out reverse causation, these data support the hypothesis that dairy fat improves glucose tolerance, possibly through a mechanism involving improved hepatic and systemic insulin sensitivity and reduced liver fat.
Indexed as
Dairy ProductsInsulin ResistanceAdultBiomarkersCase-Control StudiesCohort StudiesCross-Sectional StudiesDietary FatsFatty AcidsFatty Acids, MonounsaturatedFemaleHumansInsulinInsulin-Secreting CellsInsulin SecretionLipid MetabolismBiomarkersDietary FatsFatty AcidsFatty Acids, MonounsaturatedInsulinmargaric acidpalmitoleic acidpentadecanoic acidTrans Fatty Acids
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.