ReviewNature reviews. Neuroscience2014
How does the bilingual experience sculpt the brain?
Review in Nature reviews. Neuroscience, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 100 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
100 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Changes in Native Sentence Processing Related to Bilingualism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in psychology · 2022Pooled it
- Infant social interactions and brain development: A systematic review.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2021Pooled it
- Does Second Language Learning Promote Neuroplasticity in Aging? A Systematic Review of Cognitive and Neuroimaging Studies.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2021Pooled it
- Assessment of Psychiatric Symptomatology in Bilingual Psychotic Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Pooled it
- Does Language Distance Modulate the Contribution of Bilingualism to Cognitive Reserve in Seniors? A Systematic Review.American journal of Alzheimer's disease and other dementiasPooled it
- Affect labeling down-regulates amygdala only in a dominant native language.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Neural Assimilation and Accommodation in Trilinguals: An fMRI Study at 7 T.Human brain mapping · 2026Article
- Reported symptoms and patterns of language impairment in bilingual speakers with primary progressive aphasia: a retrospective study.Aphasiology · 2026Article
- Early bilingualism as a protective factor against acute post-stroke aphasia.Journal of neurology · 2026Article
- You Can Stand Under My Umbrella: Cognitive Load in Second-Language Reading.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Dynamic neuroplasticity of language networks: The intersection of bilingualism and epilepsy.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Long-term musical training can protect against age-related upregulation of neural activity in speech-in-noise perception.PLoS biology · 2025Article
- Beyond the left cerebral hemisphere: bilateral language lateralization in healthy aging and its clinical implications.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2025Article
- Revisiting perceptual sensitivity to non-native speech in a diverse sample of bilinguals.Infant behavior & development · 2024Article
- A bilingual speech neuroprosthesis driven by cortical articulatory representations shared between languages.Nature biomedical engineering · 2024Article
- Phonological properties of logographic words modulate brain activation in bilinguals: a comparative study of Chinese characters and Japanese Kanji.Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) · 2024Article
- Functional characterization of the language network of polyglots and hyperpolyglots with precision fMRI.Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) · 2024Article
- Neural specificity for semantic and syntactic processing in Spanish-English bilingual children.Brain and language · 2024Article
- Subcortical and cerebellar volume differences in bilingual and monolingual children: An ABCD study.Developmental cognitive neuroscience · 2024Article
- Functional characterization of the language network of polyglots and hyperpolyglots with precision fMRI.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
40 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The ability to speak two languages often marvels monolinguals, although bilinguals report no difficulties in achieving this feat. Here, we examine how learning and using two languages affect language acquisition and processing as well as various aspects of cognition. We do so by addressing three main questions. First, how do infants who are exposed to two languages acquire them without apparent difficulty? Second, how does language processing differ between monolingual and bilingual adults? Last, what are the collateral effects of bilingualism on the executive control system across the lifespan? Research in all three areas has not only provided some fascinating insights into bilingualism but also revealed new issues related to brain plasticity and language learning.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.