Evidence map›Paper›PMID 24736500›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2014

Increasing mechanical strength of gelatin hydrogels by divalent metal ion removal.

Qi Xing, Keegan Yates, Caleb Vogt, Zichen Qian, Megan C Frost, Feng Zhao

Open access · goldAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 112 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
112citing papers in PubMed
9.0field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

112 citing papers in PubMed, 467 citations in OpenAlex.

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  15. Accelerated dermal wound healing in diabetic mice by a HJournal of materials chemistry. B · 2025
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52 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Qi XingStem Cell and Tissue Engineering Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931.
Keegan YatesStem Cell and Tissue Engineering Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931.
Caleb VogtStem Cell and Tissue Engineering Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931.
Zichen QianStem Cell and Tissue Engineering Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931.
Megan C FrostPolymer and Biomaterial Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931.
Feng ZhaoStem Cell and Tissue Engineering Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931.
Michigan Technological University · US

Funding

Development of Off-the-shelf Completely Biological Small-Diameter Blood Vessel wiR15HL115521 · NHLBI · MICHIGAN TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY · PI ZHAO, FENG · 2013 to 2013
$410k
NHLBI NIH HHS 1R15HL115521-01A1NHLBI NIH HHS R15 HL115521
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The usage of gelatin hydrogel is limited due to its instability and poor mechanical properties, especially under physiological conditions. Divalent metal ions present in gelatin such as Ca(2+) and Fe(2+) play important roles in the gelatin molecule interactions. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of divalent ion removal on the stability and mechanical properties of gelatin gels with and without chemical crosslinking. The gelatin solution was purified by Chelex resin to replace divalent metal ions with sodium ions. The gel was then chemically crosslinked by 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC). Results showed that the removal of divalent metal ions significantly impacted the formation of the gelatin network. The purified gelatin hydrogels had less interactions between gelatin molecules and form larger-pore network which enabled EDC to penetrate and crosslink the gel more efficiently. The crosslinked purified gels showed small swelling ratio, higher crosslinking density and dramatically increased storage and loss moduli. The removal of divalent ions is a simple yet effective method that can significantly improve the stability and strength of gelatin hydrogels. The in vitro cell culture demonstrated that the purified gelatin maintained its ability to support cell attachment and spreading.

Indexed as

Cell AdhesionCell LineCross-Linking ReagentsElastic ModulusGelatinHumansHydrogelsIonsMetalsPolystyrenesPolyvinylsSpectrophotometrySpectroscopy, Fourier Transform InfraredchelexCross-Linking ReagentsGelatinHydrogelsIonsMetalsPolystyrenesPolyvinyls

Identifiers

PMID24736500
PMCPMC3988488
OpenAlexW1966315709

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.