ReviewThe European journal of neuroscience2014
Area 4 has layer IV in adult primates.
Review in The European journal of neuroscience, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 48 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
48 citing papers in PubMed.
- Histologically Informed Multiscale Modeling of the Neuronal Elements Activated by TMS.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Differentiation of cortical areas: effects of free energy minimization with broken symmetry.Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) · 2026Article
- Cortical Type: The Basis for a Modern Neurodevelopmental Synthesis (Ontogeny, Phylogeny, Synaptic Connectivity) of the Human Cerebral Cortex.The Journal of comparative neurology · 2026Review
- Circuits and mechanisms for TMS-induced corticospinal waves: Connecting sensitivity analysis to the network graph.PLoS computational biology · 2024Article
- A new map of the rat isocortex and proisocortex: cytoarchitecture and MBrain structure & function · 2024Article
- Cortical development in the structural model and free energy minimization.Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) · 2024Article
- Transcriptomic contributions to a modern cytoarchitectonic parcellation of the human cerebral cortex.Brain structure & function · 2024Article
- Betz cells of the primary motor cortex.The Journal of comparative neurology · 2024Review
- Pattern of ventral temporal lobe interconnections in rhesus macaques.The Journal of comparative neurology · 2023Article
- Transcriptomic cytoarchitecture reveals principles of human neocortex organization.Science (New York, N.Y.) · 2023Article
- Whole-Brain Evaluation of Cortical Microconnectomes.eNeuro · 2023Article
- Cortical circuit dynamics underlying motor skill learning: from rodents to humans.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2023Review
- Directional sensitivity of cortical neurons towards TMS-induced electric fields.Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2023Article
- Distinct local and brain-wide networks are activated by optogenetic stimulation of neurons specific to each layer of motor cortex.NeuroImage · 2022Article
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- The cortical spectrum: A robust structural continuum in primate cerebral cortex revealed by histological staining and magnetic resonance imaging.Frontiers in neuroanatomy · 2022Article
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- Comparative Ultrastructural Analysis of Thalamocortical Innervation of the Primary Motor Cortex and Supplementary Motor Area in Control and MPTP-Treated Parkinsonian Monkeys.Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) · 2021Article
- MRI-based Parcellation and Morphometry of the Individual Rhesus Monkey Brain: the macaque Harvard-Oxford Atlas (mHOA), a translational system referencing a standardized ontology.Brain imaging and behavior · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
There are opposing views about the status of layer IV in the primary motor cortex (area 4). Cajal described a layer IV in area 4 of adult humans. In contrast, Brodmann found layer IV in developmental but not in adult primates and called area 4 'agranular'. We addressed this issue in rhesus monkeys using the neural marker SMI-32, which labels neurons in lower layer III and upper layer V, but not in layer IV. SMI-32 delineated a central unlabeled cortical stripe in area 4 that corresponds to layer IV, which was populated with small interneurons also found in layer IV in 'granular' areas (such as area 46). We distinguished layer IV interneurons from projection neurons in the layers above and below using cellular criteria. The commonly used term 'agranular' for area 4 is also used for the phylogenetically ancient limbic cortices, confusing areas that differ markedly in laminar structure. This issue pertains to the systematic variation in the architecture across cortices, traced from limbic cortices through areas with increasingly more elaborate laminar structure. The principle of systematic variation can be used to predict laminar patterns of connections across cortical systems. This principle places area 4 and agranular anterior cingulate cortices at opposite poles of the graded laminar differentiation of motor cortices. The status of layer IV in area 4 thus pertains to core organisational features of the cortex, its connections and evolution.
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Registered trials
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