ArticleMediators of inflammation2014
The first trimester gravid serum regulates procalcitonin expression in human macrophages skewing their phenotype in vitro.
Article in Mediators of inflammation, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- Procalcitonin in predicting acute kidney damage in children with initial febrile urinary tract infection: a retrospective study.Translational pediatrics · 2026Article
- Impact of endocrine disrupting chemicals on macrophages at the maternal-fetal interface.Seminars in immunopathology · 2025Review
- Contribution of macrophages to fetomaternal immunological tolerance.Human immunology · 2021Review
- Effect of pregnancy hormone mixtures on cytokine production and surface marker expression in naïve and LPS-activated THP-1 differentiated monocytes/macrophages.Innate immunity · 2020Article
- Sexual Dimorphism in Innate Immunity: The Role of Sex Hormones and Epigenetics.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Review
- Role of Macrophages in Pregnancy and Related Complications.Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis · 2019Review
- Overview of procalcitonin in pregnancy and in pre-eclampsia.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2019Review
- Human Chorionic Gonadotropin-Mediated Immune Responses That Facilitate Embryo Implantation and Placentation.Frontiers in immunology · 2019Review
- Uterine Immunity and Microbiota: A Shifting Paradigm.Frontiers in immunology · 2019Review
- Changes in the immune system - the key to diagnostics and therapy of patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.Central-European journal of immunology · 2018Review
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Procalcitonin (PCT) is one of the best diagnostic and prognostic markers in clinical practice, widely used to evaluate the evolution of bacterial infections. Although it is mainly produced by thyroid, during sepsis almost all the peripheral tissues are involved in PCT production. Parenchymal cells have been suggested as the main source of PCT expression; however the contribution of macrophages is not clear yet. In response to environmental cues, tissue macrophages acquire distinct functional phenotypes, ranging from proinflammatory (M1) to anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotype. Macrophages at the fetal-maternal interface show immunosuppressive M2-like activities required for the maintenance of immunological homeostasis during pregnancy. This study aims to clarify the ability to synthesise PCT of fully differentiated (M0), polarized (M1/M2) macrophages and those cultured either in the presence of first trimester gravid serum (GS) or pregnancy hormones. We found out that M1 macrophages upregulate PCT expression following LPS stimulation compared to M0 and M2. The GS downregulates PCT expression in macrophages, skewing them towards an M2-like phenotype. This effect seems only partially mediated by the hormonal milieu. Our findings strengthen the key role of macrophages in counteracting inflammatory stimuli during pregnancy, suggesting PCT as a possible new marker of M1-like macrophages.
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