ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2014
Structure of the Toll-Spatzle complex, a molecular hub in Drosophila development and innate immunity.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 61 citations in OpenAlex.
- The teneurin TEN-1 and its ligand LRON-11 support microbiota-induced neuroprotection and mechanosensory function in C. elegans.Current biology : CB · 2026Article
- Article
- Structural and functional insights from detailed computational analysis ofJournal of genetics · 2026Article
- Dual Disruption of the Immune Cytokine Spätzle Facilitates Fungal Infection of Diverse Insect Hosts.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Structural basis and functional roles for Toll-like receptor binding to Latrophilin in C. elegans development.Nature structural & molecular biology · 2025Article
- Conserved leucine-rich repeat proteins in the adhesive projectile slime of velvet worms.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Extracellular DNA traps in a ctenophore demonstrate immune cell behaviors in a non-bilaterian.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Toll-like receptors as a missing link in Notch signaling cascade during neurodevelopment.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2024Article
- Striped Expression of Leucine-Rich Repeat Proteins Coordinates Cell Intercalation and Compartment Boundary Formation in the EarlySymmetry · 2023Article
- Structure and dynamics of Toll immunoreceptor activation in the mosquito Aedes aegypti.Nature communications · 2022Article
- In Silico Characterization and Gene Expression Analysis of Toll Signaling Pathway-Related Genes inInsects · 2022Article
- Mutations ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Injury-induced inflammatory signaling and hematopoiesis inProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2022Article
- Article
- Evolution of Toll, Spatzle and MyD88 in insects: the problem of the Diptera bias.BMC genomics · 2021Article
- Transcriptomic analysis of the black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) reveals insights into immune development in their early life stages.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Molecular and Functional Analysis of Pore-Forming Toxin Monalysin From Entomopathogenic BacteriumFrontiers in immunology · 2020Article
- Spz/Toll-6 signal guides organotropic metastasis inDisease models & mechanisms · 2019Article
- Toll family members bind multiple Spätzle proteins and activate antimicrobial peptide gene expression inThe Journal of biological chemistry · 2019Article
- A speculation on the tandem fasciclin 1 repeat of FLA4 proteins in angiosperms.Plant signaling & behavior · 2018Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Drosophila Toll receptors are involved in embryonic development and the immune response of adult flies. In both processes, the only known Toll receptor ligand is the human nerve growth factor-like cystine knot protein Spätzle. Here we present the crystal structure of a 1:1 (nonsignaling) complex of the full-length Toll receptor ectodomain (ECD) with the Spätzle cystine knot domain dimer. The ECD is divided into two leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domains, each of which is capped by cysteine-rich domains. Spätzle binds to the concave surface of the membrane-distal LRR domain, in contrast to the flanking ligand interactions observed for mammalian Toll-like receptors, with asymmetric contributions from each Spätzle protomer. The structure allows rationalization of existing genetic and biochemical data and provides a framework for targeting the immune systems of insects of economic importance, as well as a variety of invertebrate disease vectors.
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