ArticleMutation research
Activation of DNA damage repair pathways in response to nitrogen mustard-induced DNA damage and toxicity in skin keratinocytes.
Article in Mutation research. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06421571 (A Greek, Prospective Non-interventional Study Investigating the Effectiveness and the Mechanism of Action of Chlormethine), which is not on this map. Cited by 20 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Greek, Prospective Non-interventional Study Investigating the Effectiveness and the Mechanism of Action of Chlormethine (CL) Gel in the Treatment of MF-CTCL Adult Patients
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 36 citations in OpenAlex.
- From survival of irradiated mice to modern molecular insights: a seventy-year journey in radiobiology at the institute of biophysics, Czech academy of sciences.European biophysics journal : EBJ · 2025Review
- Chronic kidney disease amplifies severe kidney injury and mortality in a mouse model of skin arsenical exposure.American journal of physiology. Renal physiology · 2025Article
- Overlapping Science in Radiation and Sulfur Mustard Exposures of Skin and Lung: Consideration of Models, Mechanisms, Organ Systems, and Medical Countermeasures: Overlapping science in radiation and sulfur mustard injuries to lung and skin.Disaster medicine and public health preparedness · 2023Article
- Article
- Melatonin as Modulator for Sulfur and Nitrogen Mustard-Induced Inflammation, Oxidative Stress and DNA Damage: Molecular Therapeutics.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Comparative analysis of chlorambucil-induced DNA lesion formation and repair in a spectrum of different human cell systems.Toxicology reports · 2023Article
- Nitrogen Mustard Alkylates and Cross-Links p53 in Human Keratinocytes.Chemical research in toxicology · 2022Article
- A review of chemical warfare agents linked to respiratory and neurological effects experienced in Gulf War Illness.Inhalation toxicology · 2022Review
- Phosgene oxime: a highly toxic urticant and emerging chemical threat.Toxicology mechanisms and methods · 2021Review
- DNA damage signaling in the cellular responses to mustard vesicants.Toxicology letters · 2020Article
- Inhibition of DNA Repair Protein Ku70 in High-Glucose Environment Aggravates the Neurotoxicity Induced by Bupivacaine in SH-SY5Y Cells.BioMed research international · 2020Article
- Sulfur Mustard Analog Mechlorethamine (Bis(2-chloroethyl)methylamine) Modulates Cell Cycle Progression via the DNA Damage Response in Human Lung Epithelial A549 Cells.Chemical research in toxicology · 2019Article
- High Glucose Enhances Isoflurane-Induced Neurotoxicity by Regulating TRPC-Dependent Calcium Influx.Neurochemical research · 2017Article
- Sulfur mustard inhalation: mechanisms of injury, alteration of coagulation, and fibrinolytic therapy.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2016Review
- Mitigation of nitrogen mustard mediated skin injury by a novel indomethacin bifunctional prodrug.Experimental and molecular pathology · 2016Article
- Mustard vesicating agent-induced toxicity in the skin tissue and silibinin as a potential countermeasure.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2016Review
- Dynamic cytotoxic profiles of sulfur mustard in human dermal cells determined by multiparametric high-content analysis.Toxicology research · 2016Article
- Nitrogen mustard hydrochloride-induced acute respiratory failure and myelosuppression: A case report.Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2015Article
- Increased Oxidative Damage and Reduced DNA Repair Enzyme XPD Involvement in High Glucose-Mediated Enhancement of Levobupivacaine-Induced Neurotoxicity.Neurochemical research · 2015Article
- OGG1 Involvement in High Glucose-Mediated Enhancement of Bupivacaine-Induced Oxidative DNA Damage in SH-SY5Y Cells.Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity · 2015Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Nitrogen mustard (NM), a structural analog of chemical warfare agent sulfur mustard (SM), forms adducts and crosslinks with DNA, RNA and proteins. Here we studied the mechanism of NM-induced skin toxicity in response to double strand breaks (DSBs) resulting in cell cycle arrest to facilitate DNA repair, as a model for developing countermeasures against vesicant-induced skin injuries. NM exposure of mouse epidermal JB6 cells decreased cell growth and caused S-phase arrest. Consistent with these biological outcomes, NM exposure also increased comet tail extent moment and the levels of DNA DSB repair molecules phospho H2A.X Ser139 and p53 Ser15 indicating NM-induced DNA DSBs. Since DNA DSB repair occurs via non homologous end joining pathway (NHEJ) or homologous recombination repair (HRR) pathways, next we studied these two pathways and noted their activation as defined by an increase in phospho- and total DNA-PK levels, and the formation of Rad51 foci, respectively. To further analyze the role of these pathways in the cellular response to NM-induced cytotoxicity, NHEJ and HRR were inhibited by DNA-PK inhibitor NU7026 and Rad51 inhibitor BO2, respectively. Inhibition of NHEJ did not sensitize cells to NM-induced decrease in cell growth and cell cycle arrest. However, inhibition of the HRR pathway caused a significant increase in cell death, and prolonged G2M arrest following NM exposure. Together, our findings, indicating that HRR is the key pathway involved in the repair of NM-induced DNA DSBs, could be useful in developing new therapeutic strategies against vesicant-induced skin injury.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.