ReviewTobacco control2014
Electronic cigarettes: human health effects.
Review in Tobacco control, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04982978 (The Effectiveness of the Protection Motivation Theory in Reducing Vaping Behaviour in a Student Population), which is not on this map. Cited by 201 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The Effectiveness of the Protection Motivation Theory in Reducing Vaping Behaviour in a Student Population
Who cites it
201 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 456 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association between e-cigarette use and COVID-19 diagnosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2025Pooled it
- Genotoxic and Carcinogenic Potential of Compounds Associated with Electronic Cigarettes: A Systematic Review.BioMed research international · 2019Pooled it
- Overview of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems: A Systematic Review.American journal of preventive medicine · 2017Pooled it
- E-Cigarette Awareness, Use, and Harm Perception among Adults: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies.PloS one · 2016Pooled it
- Effect of nicotine mouth spray on urges to vape: A randomized, placebo-controlled, pharmacodynamic clinical trial in exclusive e-cigarette users.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2025Trial
- Using a protection motivation theory framework to reduce vaping intention and behaviour in Canadian university students who regularely vape: A randomized controlled trial.Journal of health psychology · 2023Trial
- Altered lung biology of healthy never smokers following acute inhalation of E-cigarettes.Respiratory research · 2018Trial
- A transdisciplinary model to inform randomized clinical trial methods for electronic cigarette evaluation.BMC public health · 2016Trial
- Nicotine delivery, tolerability and reduction of smoking urge in smokers following short-term use of one brand of electronic cigarettes.BMC public health · 2015Trial
- Psychosocial Correlates of Exclusive and Dual Nicotine Use among Adolescents in a Context of E-Cigarette Sales Prohibition.Journal of community health · 2026Article
- Salivary Proteomics Reveals Oxidative Markers in E-Cigarette Users.Journal of proteome research · 2026Article
- Mental health matters? An examination of how anxiety and depression influence the alcohol-e-cigarette use relationship.Addictive behaviors · 2026Article
- Prevalence, risk perception, and motivations behind E-cigarettes and heated tobacco use: a cross-sectional study in Italian adolescents.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2025Article
- Electronic Cigarette Use (Vaping) Among Adolescents: A Narrative Review of an Emerging Public Health Epidemic.Cureus · 2025Review
- The economic factors that determine smoking abstinence: a survival and mediation analysis.The International journal on drug policy · 2025Article
- Assessment of vape shop built environment: airborne nicotine, particulate matter, ventilation, hazard identification, workplace practices, and safety perceptions.Annals of work exposures and health · 2025Article
- A systematic review investigating the impact of dual use of e-cigarettes and conventional cigarettes on smoking cessation.ERJ open research · 2025Article
- Spatiotemporal Characteristics and Influential Factors of Electronic Cigarette Web-Based Attention in Mainland China: Time Series Observational Study.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Observational
- Knowledge and awareness of E-Cigarettes among 18-24 years young adult's in Chennai - A pilot E-Survey.Journal of education and health promotion · 2025Article
- Google Trends Analysis of Interest in Smoking Cessation, Treatment Options, and Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems Following Tax Increase and Introduction of Pictorial Health Warnings in Germany.Tobacco use insights · 2025Article
141 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveWith the rapid increase in use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), such as electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), users and non-users are exposed to the aerosol and product constituents. This is a review of published data on the human health effects of exposure to e-cigarettes and their components.
methodsLiterature searches were conducted through September 2013 using multiple electronic databases.
resultsForty-four articles are included in this analysis. E-cigarette aerosols may contain propylene glycol, glycerol, flavourings, other chemicals and, usually, nicotine. Aerosolised propylene glycol and glycerol produce mouth and throat irritation and dry cough. No data on the effects of flavouring inhalation were identified. Data on short-term health effects are limited and there are no adequate data on long-term effects. Aerosol exposure may be associated with respiratory function impairment, and serum cotinine levels are similar to those in traditional cigarette smokers. The high nicotine concentrations of some products increase exposure risks for non-users, particularly children. The dangers of secondhand and thirdhand aerosol exposure have not been thoroughly evaluated.
conclusionsScientific evidence regarding the human health effects of e-cigarettes is limited. While e-cigarette aerosol may contain fewer toxicants than cigarette smoke, studies evaluating whether e-cigarettes are less harmful than cigarettes are inconclusive. Some evidence suggests that e-cigarette use may facilitate smoking cessation, but definitive data are lacking. No e-cigarette has been approved by FDA as a cessation aid. Environmental concerns and issues regarding non-user exposure exist. The health impact of e-cigarettes, for users and the public, cannot be determined with currently available data.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.