Trial reportPLoS pathogens2014
Fungal chitin dampens inflammation through IL-10 induction mediated by NOD2 and TLR9 activation.
Trial report in PLoS pathogens, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 168 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
168 citing papers in PubMed, 277 citations in OpenAlex.
- Rethinking the immune recognition of cell walls in human fungal pathogens: Mechanisms, controversies and translational significance.Virulence · 2026Review
- A long non-coding RNA,mSphere · 2026Article
- Article
- Extracellular vesicles ofInfection and immunity · 2026Article
- A long non-coding RNA,bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Mycobacterial lipoarabinomannan negatively interferes with macrophage responses to Aspergillus fumigatus in-vitro.PloS one · 2026Article
- Review
- The transcriptome of dendritic cells redraws the boundaries between pathogenicity and commensalism in yeast.Microbial cell (Graz, Austria) · 2026Article
- The structural language of fungal cell wall sugars in WHO priority fungi: the determinant of pathogenicity and the gateway to new therapies.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Cytosolic receptors and signaling in antifungal immunity.The EMBO journal · 2025Review
- Resolving the field: a role for Nod2 in T cells.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2025Review
- Immunomodulatory function of chitosan is dependent on complement receptor 3.Cell surface (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2025Article
- Structural and Functional Insights into Viral and Fungal Proteins Involved in Chronic Inflammation and Their Biologic Treatments.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Evaluation of the Effects of Chitin and Chitosan on Pseudo-Allergic Reaction by Inhibiting MRGPRX2 Activation.Food science & nutrition · 2025Article
- Acidic pH Modulates Cell Wall and Melanization inJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Functional properties ofMicrobiology (Reading, England) · 2025Article
- Article
- Nanochitin and Nanochitosan in Pharmaceutical Applications: Innovations, Applications, and Future Perspective.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Bio-orthogonal Labeling of Chitin in Native Pathogenic Candida Species via the Chitin Scavenge Pathway.Journal of the American Chemical Society · 2025Article
- Effect of a trub, hops, and yeast mixture on jejunal mucosal immune status, oxidative stress status, structure, and growth performance of nursery pigs.Journal of animal science · 2025Article
108 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors at 4 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Chitin is an essential structural polysaccharide of fungal pathogens and parasites, but its role in human immune responses remains largely unknown. It is the second most abundant polysaccharide in nature after cellulose and its derivatives today are widely used for medical and industrial purposes. We analysed the immunological properties of purified chitin particles derived from the opportunistic human fungal pathogen Candida albicans, which led to the selective secretion of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. We identified NOD2, TLR9 and the mannose receptor as essential fungal chitin-recognition receptors for the induction of this response. Chitin reduced LPS-induced inflammation in vivo and may therefore contribute to the resolution of the immune response once the pathogen has been defeated. Fungal chitin also induced eosinophilia in vivo, underpinning its ability to induce asthma. Polymorphisms in the identified chitin receptors, NOD2 and TLR9, predispose individuals to inflammatory conditions and dysregulated expression of chitinases and chitinase-like binding proteins, whose activity is essential to generate IL-10-inducing fungal chitin particles in vitro, have also been linked to inflammatory conditions and asthma. Chitin recognition is therefore critical for immune homeostasis and is likely to have a significant role in infectious and allergic disease.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.