Trial reportBlood2014
Clearance of acute myeloid leukemia by haploidentical natural killer cells is improved using IL-2 diphtheria toxin fusion protein.
Trial report in Blood, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 3 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 274 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Allogeneic Natural Killer Cells in Patients With Relapsed Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
Adoptive Transfer of Haploidentical Natural Killer Cells to Treat Refractory or Relapsed AML MT2010-02
Trial of Donor Immune Cell Therapy for Acute Myeloid Leukemia.
Who cites it
274 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 425 citations in OpenAlex.
- NK cell adoptive transfer in acute myeloid leukemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- A systematic review of the last two decades of NK cell-based clinical trials: state of the art of AML therapy.BMC cancer · 2025Pooled it
- Potential therapeutic roles of natural killer cells in acute myeloid leukemia: a systematic review study.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Ex vivo expansion of natural killer cells for hematological cancer immunotherapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2023Pooled it
- N-803, an IL-15 Superagonist Complex as Maintenance Therapy After Allogeneic Donor Stem Cell Transplant for Acute Myeloid Leukemia or Myelodysplastic Syndrome; A Phase 2 Trial.Transplantation and cellular therapy · 2024Trial
- Phase I non-randomized clinical trial of allogeneic natural killer cells infusion in acute myeloid leukemia patients.BMC cancer · 2023Trial
- First-in-human trial of rhIL-15 and haploidentical natural killer cell therapy for advanced acute myeloid leukemia.Blood advances · 2019Trial
- Haploidentical natural killer cells induce remissions in non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients with low levels of immune-suppressor cells.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2018Trial
- Role of regulatory T cells in acute myeloid leukemia patients undergoing relapse-preventive immunotherapy.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2017Trial
- Synergistic immune interactions between T cells and natural killer cells in allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for acute myeloid leukaemia: current status and future directions.Annals of medicine · 2026Review
- Article
- Next-generation natural killer cell therapy: bench to bedside and beyond.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Can natural killer cells cure leukemia?Leukemia · 2026Review
- Characterization of a Cytokine-Independent STAT5 Activator.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- A phase I, single-arm, open-label, dose-escalation, multicenter study of SAR445419, an off-the-shelf, ex vivo expanded allogeneic natural killer cell product, in participants with relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2026Article
- Tumor-infiltrating immature innate lymphoid cells in colorectal cancer are biased toward ILC1/tissue-resident NK cell differentiation.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Low Dose of IL-2 Application for Graft-Versus-Host Disease Prophylaxis Following Haploidentical Stem Cell Transplantation.MedComm · 2026Article
- Harnessing the Power of CAR-NK Cells for Solid Tumors: Challenges, Innovations, and Future Frontiers in Immunotherapy.Cancer communications (London, England) · 2026Review
- Article
- Hotspots evolution and frontiers of immunotherapy for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia: A bibliometric analysis.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
214 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Haploidentical natural killer (NK) cell infusions can induce remissions in some patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) but regulatory T-cell (Treg) suppression may reduce efficacy. We treated 57 refractory AML patients with lymphodepleting cyclophosphamide and fludarabine followed by NK cell infusion and interleukin (IL)-2 administration. In 42 patients, donor NK cell expansion was detected in 10%, whereas in 15 patients receiving host Treg depletion with the IL-2-diphtheria fusion protein (IL2DT), the rate was 27%, with a median absolute count of 1000 NK cells/μL blood. IL2DT was associated with improved complete remission rates at day 28 (53% vs 21%; P = .02) and disease-free survival at 6 months (33% vs 5%; P < .01). In the IL2DT cohort, NK cell expansion correlated with higher postchemotherapy serum IL-15 levels (P = .002), effective peripheral blood Treg depletion (<5%) at day 7 (P < .01), and decreased IL-35 levels at day 14 (P = .02). In vitro assays demonstrated that Tregs cocultured with NK cells inhibit their proliferation by competition for IL-2 but not for IL-15. Together with our clinical observations, this supports the need to optimize the in vivo cytokine milieu where adoptively transferred NK cells compete with other lymphocytes to improve clinical efficacy in patients with refractory AML. This study is registered at clinicaltrials.gov, identifiers: NCT00274846 and NCT01106950.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.