ArticleThe Journal of investigative dermatology2014
Colocalization of cell death with antigen deposition in skin enhances vaccine immunogenicity.
Article in The Journal of investigative dermatology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 54 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
54 citing papers in PubMed.
- Trial
- Trial
- Innate local response and tissue recovery following application of high density microarray patches to human skin.Scientific reports · 2020Trial
- Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of influenza vaccination with a high-density microarray patch: Results from a randomized, controlled phase I clinical trial.PLoS medicine · 2020Trial
- Microneedles for Vaccination: Mechanistic Foundations, Materials Innovation, Clinical Translation, and Global Health Implementation.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Booster Immunisation with Skin-Patch-Delivered Unadjuvanted SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Vaccine Is Safe and Immunogenic in Healthy Adults.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Tetravalent microprojection-based dengue chimeric virus vaccine raises potent neutralising antibodies in mice.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- A Comprehensive Design-to-skin Pipeline to Fabricate Polymeric Microneedles Using Ultrahigh-resolution 3D Printing.Pharmaceutical research · 2025Article
- Review
- Beyond the Needle: Innovative Microneedle-Based Transdermal Vaccination.Medicines (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Carrier-free mRNA vaccine induces robust immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in mice and non-human primates without systemic reactogenicity.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2024Article
- Article
- Current and next-generation formulation strategies for inactivated polio vaccines to lower costs, increase coverage, and facilitate polio eradication.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2022Review
- Opportunities and challenges for commercializing microarray patches for vaccination from a MAP developer's perspective.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2022Article
- Chemical imaging analysis of active pharmaceutical ingredient in dissolving microneedle arrays by Raman spectroscopy.Drug delivery and translational research · 2022Article
- Microneedle systems for delivering nucleic acid drugs.Journal of pharmaceutical investigation · 2022Review
- Developing a Stabilizing Formulation of a Live Chimeric Dengue Virus Vaccine Dry Coated on a High-Density Microarray Patch.Vaccines · 2021Article
- An ultra-low-cost electroporator with microneedle electrodes (ePatch) for SARS-CoV-2 vaccination.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2021Article
- Complete protection by a single-dose skin patch-delivered SARS-CoV-2 spike vaccine.Science advances · 2021Article
- Tutorial: using nanoneedles for intracellular delivery.Nature protocols · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Vaccines delivered to the skin by microneedles-with and without adjuvants-have increased immunogenicity with lower doses than standard vaccine delivery techniques such as intramuscular or intradermal injection. However, the mechanisms underlying this skin-mediated "adjuvant" effect are not clear. Here, we show that the dynamic application of a microprojection array (the Nanopatch) to skin generates localized transient stresses invoking cell death around each projection. Nanopatch application caused significantly higher levels (∼65-fold) of cell death in murine ear skin than i.d. injection using a hypodermic needle. Measured skin cell death is associated with modeled stresses ∼1-10 MPa. Nanopatch-immunized groups also yielded consistently higher anti-immunoglobulin G endpoint titers (up to 50-fold higher) than i.d. groups after delivery of a split virion influenza vaccine. Importantly, colocalization of cell death with nearby live skin cells and delivered antigen was necessary for immunogenicity enhancement. These results suggest a correlation between cell death caused by the Nanopatch with increased immunogenicity. We propose that the localized cell death serves as a "physical immune enhancer" for the adjacent viable skin cells, which also receive antigen from the projections. This natural immune enhancer effect has the potential to mitigate or replace chemical-based adjuvants in vaccines.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.