ArticleInfection and immunity2014
GRA25 is a novel virulence factor of Toxoplasma gondii and influences the host immune response.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 63 citations in OpenAlex.
- Loss of NcBPK1 impairs bradyzoite differentiation and enhances virulence in Neospora caninum.Parasites & vectors · 2025Article
- Molecular interactions ofFrontiers in veterinary science · 2025Article
- Trem2/Syk/PI3K axis contributes to the host protection against Toxoplasma gondii-induced adverse pregnancy outcomes via modulating decidual macrophages.PLoS pathogens · 2024Article
- CRISPR-based functional profiling of the Toxoplasma gondii genome during acute murine infection.Nature microbiology · 2024Article
- Deficiency in astrocyte CCL2 production reduces neuroimmune control of Toxoplasma gondii infection.PLoS pathogens · 2024Article
- Genetic diversity of Toxoplasma gondii in South America: occurrence, immunity, and fate of infection.Parasites & vectors · 2023Review
- High-throughput identification of Toxoplasma gondii effector proteins that target host cell transcription.Cell host & microbe · 2023Article
- ROP16 ofCells · 2023Article
- A heterotrimeric complex of Toxoplasma proteins promotes parasite survival in interferon gamma-stimulated human cells.PLoS biology · 2023Article
- Toxoplasma gondii virulence factor ROP1 reduces parasite susceptibility to murine and human innate immune restriction.PLoS pathogens · 2022Article
- Article
- The pathogenicity and virulence ofVirulence · 2021Article
- Secreted Effectors Modulating Immune Responses toLife (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Toxoplasma Effectors that Affect Pregnancy Outcome.Trends in parasitology · 2021Review
- Review
- Effect of deletion of gra17 and gra23 genes on the growth, virulence, and immunogenicity of type II Toxoplasma gondii.Parasitology research · 2020Article
- Head-to-head comparisons of Toxoplasma gondii and its near relative Hammondia hammondi reveal dramatic differences in the host response and effectors with species-specific functions.PLoS pathogens · 2020Article
- Article
- Proximity biotinylation reveals novel secreted dense granule proteins of Toxoplasma gondii bradyzoites.PloS one · 2020Article
- Influence of the Host and Parasite Strain on the Immune Response DuringFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The obligate intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii is able to infect a broad range of hosts and cell types due, in part, to the diverse arsenal of effectors it secretes into the host cell. Here, using genetic crosses between type II and type III Toxoplasma strains and quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping of the changes they induce in macrophage gene expression, we identify a novel dense granule protein, GRA25. Encoded on chromosome IX, GRA25 is a phosphoprotein that is secreted outside the parasites and is found within the parasitophorous vacuole. In vitro experiments with a type II Δgra25 strain showed that macrophages infected with this strain secrete lower levels of CCL2 and CXCL1 than those infected with the wild-type or complemented control parasites. In vivo experiments showed that mice infected with a type II Δgra25 strain are able to survive an otherwise lethal dose of Toxoplasma tachyzoites and that complementation of the mutant with an ectopic copy of GRA25 largely rescues this phenotype. Interestingly, the type II and type III versions of GRA25 differ in endogenous expression levels; however, both are able to promote parasite expansion in vivo when expressed in a type II Δgra25 strain. These data establish GRA25 as a novel virulence factor and immune modulator.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.