ArticleAnatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)2014
Of mice, monkeys, and men: physiological and morphological evidence for evolutionary divergence of function in mimetic musculature.
Article in Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007), 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Patterns of interspecific variation in labial microarchitecture among anthropoid primates and the evolution of the hominin lips.Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) · 2026Article
- Evolutionary divergence of facial muscle physiology between domestic dogs and wolves.Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) · 2025Article
- Behavioral correlates of fascicular organization: The confluence of muscle architectural anatomy and function.Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) · 2025Review
- Comparative analysis of electrical signals in facial expression muscles.Biomedical engineering online · 2025Article
- Areca nut extract exposure disrupts myogenesis and metabolism in C2C12 cells.Current research in toxicology · 2025Article
- Crossing fibers may underlie the dynamic pulling forces of muscles that attach to cartilage at the tip of the nose.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Human faces are slower than chimpanzee faces.PloS one · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Facial expression is a universal means of visual communication in humans and many other primates. Humans have the most complex facial display repertoire among primates; however, gross morphological studies have not found greater complexity in human mimetic musculature. This study examines the microanatomical aspects of mimetic musculature to test the hypotheses related to human mimetic musculature physiology, function, and evolutionary morphology. Samples from the orbicularis oris muscle (OOM) and the zygomaticus major (ZM) muscle in laboratory mice (N = 3), rhesus macaques (N = 3), and humans (N = 3) were collected. Fiber type proportions (slow-twitch and fast-twitch), fiber cross-sectional area, diameter, and length were calculated, and means were statistically compared among groups. Results showed that macaques had the greatest percentage of fast fibers in both muscles (followed by humans) and that humans had the greatest percentage of slow fibers in both muscles. Macaques and humans typically did not differ from one another in morphometrics except for fiber length where humans had longer fibers. Although sample sizes are low, results from this study may indicate that the rhesus macaque OOM and ZM muscle are specialized primarily to assist with maintenance of the rigid dominance hierarchy via rapid facial displays of submission and aggression, whereas human musculature may have evolved not only under pressure to work in facial expressions but also in development of speech.
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