Evidence map›Paper›PMID 24704135›Full record

Trial reportPreventive medicine2014

Examining two different schedules of financial incentives for smoking cessation among pregnant women.

Stephen T Higgins, Yukiko Washio, Alexa A Lopez, Sarah H Heil, Laura J Solomon, Mary Ellen Lynch, Jennifer D Hanson, Tara M Higgins, Joan M Skelly, Ryan Redner and 1 more

Registry-linked trialAbstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in Preventive medicine, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04927143 (Encouraging Abstinence Behavior in a Drug Epidemic), which is not on this map. Cited by 46 papers, 12 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
46citing papers in PubMed, 12 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT04927143 narecruitingnot on this mapstarted 2021, after this paper: background citation

Encouraging Abstinence Behavior in a Drug Epidemic: Optimizing Dynamic Incentives

TypeinterventionalSponsorWake Forest University Health SciencesRan2021 to 2026Enrolled600ConditionsOpioid-use Disorder, Cocaine Use Disorder, Opioid Use, Cocaine UseArmsApp-Based Contingency Management, Sham Control
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

46 citing papers in PubMed, 12 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Guideline
  3. Pooled it
  4. Incentives for smoking cessation.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2025
    Pooled it
  5. Pooled it
  6. Pooled it
  7. Incentives for smoking cessation.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2019
    Pooled it
  8. Competitions for smoking cessation.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2019
    Pooled it
  9. Pooled it
  10. Pooled it
  11. Pooled it
  12. Contingency Management Versus Psychotherapy for Prenatal Smoking Cessation: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Women's health issues : official publication of the Jacobs Institute of Women's Health
    Pooled it
  13. Trial
  14. Trial
  15. Trial
  16. Trial
  17. Financial Incentives for Smoking Abstinence in Homeless Smokers: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2018
    Trial
  18. A Randomized Trial of Adjunct mHealth Abstinence Reinforcement With Transdermal Nicotine and Counseling for Smoking Cessation.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2017
    Trial
  19. Trial
  20. Trial
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Stephen T HigginsVermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Vermont, USA. Electronic address: Stephen.Higgins@uvm.edu.
Yukiko WashioDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, USA.
Alexa A LopezVermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Vermont, USA.
Sarah H HeilVermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Vermont, USA.
Laura J SolomonDepartment of Family Practice, University of Vermont, USA.
Mary Ellen LynchVermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, USA.
Jennifer D HansonDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, USA.
Tara M HigginsDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, USA.
Joan M SkellyDepartment of Medical Biostatistics, University of Vermont, USA.
Ryan RednerVermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, USA.
Ira M BernsteinVermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, USA; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Vermont, USA.

Funding

Vermont Center on Behavior and HealthP20GM103644 · NIGMS · UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT & ST AGRIC COLLEGE · PI SIGMON, STACEY C · 2013 to 2022
$21.3M
TRAINING IN BEHAV. PHARMACOLOGY OF HUMAN DRUG DEPENDENCET32DA007242 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT &ST AGRIC COLLEGE · PI HEIL, SARAH H, HIGGINS, STEPHEN T · 1990 to 2025
$8.2M
Voucher-based incentives to treat pregnant smokersR01DA014028 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT &ST AGRIC COLLEGE · PI HIGGINS, STEPHEN T · 2001 to 2010
$6.0M
Financial Incentives for Smoking Cessation Among Disadvantaged Pregnant WomenR01HD075669 · NICHD · UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT & ST AGRIC COLLEGE · PI HIGGINS, STEPHEN T · 2013 to 2017
$3.6M
NICHD NIH HHS R01 HD075669NICHD NIH HHS R01HD075669NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA014028NIDA NIH HHS R01DA014028NIDA NIH HHS T32 DA007242NIDA NIH HHS T32DA007242NIGMS NIH HHS P20 GM103644NIGMS NIH HHS P20GM103644
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveTo examine whether an efficacious voucher-based incentives intervention for decreasing smoking during pregnancy and increasing fetal growth could be improved without increasing costs. The strategy was to redistribute the usual incentives so that higher values were available early in the quit attempt.

method118 pregnant smokers in greater Burlington, Vermont (studied December, 2006-June, 2012) were randomly assigned to the revised contingent voucher (RCV) or usual contingent voucher (CV) schedule of abstinence-contingent vouchers, or to a non-contingent voucher (NCV) control condition wherein vouchers were provided independent of smoking status. Smoking status was biochemically verified; serial sonographic estimates of fetal growth were obtained at gestational weeks 30-34.

resultsRCV and CV conditions increased point-prevalence abstinence above NCV levels at early (RCV: 40%, CV: 46%, NCV: 13%, p=.007) and late-pregnancy (RCV: 45%; CV: 36%; NCV, 18%; p=.04) assessments, but abstinence levels did not differ between the RCV and CV conditions. The RCV intervention did not increase fetal growth above control levels while the CV condition did so (p<.05).

conclusionThis trial further supports the efficacy of CV for increasing antepartum abstinence and fetal growth, but other strategies (e.g., increasing overall incentive values) will be necessary to improve outcomes further.

Indexed as

Smoking PreventionAdolescentAdultAnalysis of VarianceBirth WeightFemaleFetal DevelopmentHumansInfant, NewbornMotivationPregnancyPregnancy OutcomePregnant PeopleSmokingSmoking CessationSurveys and QuestionnairesBirth outcomesContingency managementFetal growthFinancial incentivesPregnancySmoking cessationTobaccoVouchers

Identifiers

PMID24704135
PMCPMC4183736

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
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Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.