ReviewImmunology letters2014
Macrophages: a double-edged sword in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.
Review in Immunology letters, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 118 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
118 citing papers in PubMed, 189 citations in OpenAlex.
- [Isolation, purification and immunomodulatory activity of polysaccharide fromNan fang yi ke da xue xue bao = Journal of Southern Medical University · 2026Article
- Article
- Bioactive Phytochemicals in Experimental Models of Multiple Sclerosis: Mechanisms, Efficacy, and Translational Potential.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Cribriform Plate Microenvironment Assembles a Suppressive Myeloid Network during EAE-induced Neuroinflammation.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Growth hormone restrains inflammatory activity of microglia/macrophages in CNS autoimmunity.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2026Article
- Myeloid ZNRF1 suppresses autoimmune demyelination and neuroinflammation by regulating MHC-II-mediated T cell activation.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- Innate Immunity in the Pathogenesis of Selected Autoimmune Neurological Diseases.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Translational medicine research on the role of key gene network modulation mediated by procyanidin B2 in the precise diagnosis and treatment of multiple sclerosis.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Article
- Neuro-immune crosstalk in cancer: mechanisms and therapeutic implications.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Review
- Investigating mechanisms underlying the development of paralysis symptom in a model of MS.Brain research bulletin · 2025Article
- Crisdesalazine alleviates inflammation in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis multiple sclerosis mouse model by regulating the immune system.BMC neuroscience · 2025Article
- Macrophage-targeted PEGylated liposomes ameliorate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Emerging Insights into the Role of Macrophages in Multiple Sclerosis: Pathogenesis and Potential Therapeutic Strategies.Journal of inflammation research · 2025Review
- Macrophage polarization in disease therapy: insights from astragaloside IV and cycloastragenol.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Review
- Microglial Mayhem NLRP3 Inflammasome's Role in Multiple Sclerosis Pathology.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2024Review
- IFN-γ-induced Th1-Treg polarization in inflamed brains limits exacerbation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- Extracellular Purine Metabolism-Potential Target in Multiple Sclerosis.Molecular neurobiology · 2024Review
- The interplay of inflammation and remyelination: rethinking MS treatment with a focus on oligodendrocyte progenitor cells.Molecular neurodegeneration · 2024Review
- Therapeutic role of interferon-γ in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis is mediated through a tolerogenic subset of splenic CD11bJournal of neuroinflammation · 2024Article
- The Emerging Role of Microglial Hv1 as a Target for Immunomodulation in Myelin Repair.Aging and disease · 2024Review
58 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a debilitating neurological disorder of the central nervous system (CNS), characterized by activation and infiltration of leukocytes and dendritic cells into the CNS. In the initial phase of MS and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), peripheral macrophages infiltrate into the CNS, where, together with residential microglia, they participate in the induction and development of disease. During the early phase, microglia/macrophages are immediately activated to become classically activated macrophages (M1 cells), release pro-inflammatory cytokines and damage CNS tissue. During the later phase, microglia/macrophages in the inflamed CNS are less activated, present as alternatively activated macrophage phenotype (M2 cells), releasing anti-inflammatory cytokines, accompanied by inflammation resolution and tissue repair. The balance between activation and polarization of M1 cells and M2 cells in the CNS is important for disease progression. Pro-inflammatory IFN-γ and IL-12 drive M1 cell polarization, while IL-4 and IL-13 drive M2 cell polarization. Given that polarized macrophages are reversible in a well-defined cytokine environment, macrophage phenotypes in the CNS can be modulated by molecular intervention. This review summarizes the detrimental and beneficial roles of microglia and macrophages in the CNS, with an emphasis on the role of M2 cells in EAE and MS patients.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.