Trial reportThe Journal of allergy and clinical immunology2014
Detection of pathogenic bacteria during rhinovirus infection is associated with increased respiratory symptoms and asthma exacerbations.
Trial report in The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 158 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
158 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 270 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence of respiratory viruses in stable and acute asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis.European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2026Pooled it
- The effects of macrolides in children with reactive airway disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Drug design, development and therapy · 2018Pooled it
- The upper-airway microbiota and loss of asthma control among asthmatic children.Nature communications · 2019Trial
- Association of rhinovirus species with common cold and asthma symptoms and bacterial pathogens.The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology · 2018Trial
- Features of the bronchial bacterial microbiome associated with atopy, asthma, and responsiveness to inhaled corticosteroid treatment.The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology · 2017Trial
- Trial
- Respiratory syncytial virus and rhinovirus severe bronchiolitis are associated with distinct nasopharyngeal microbiota.The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology · 2016Trial
- Trial
- Lansoprazole Is Associated with Worsening Asthma Control in Children with the CYP2C19 Poor Metabolizer Phenotype.Annals of the American Thoracic Society · 2015Trial
- Randomized trial to evaluate azithromycin's effects on serum and upper airway IL-8 levels and recurrent wheezing in infants with respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis.The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology · 2015Trial
- Azithromycin administered for acute bronchiolitis may have a protective effect on subsequent wheezing.Jornal brasileiro de pneumologia : publicacao oficial da Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e TisilogiaTrial
- Duration and severity of asthma-like episodes in young children vary by viral and bacterial triggers.Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology · 2026Article
- Respiratory Pathogen Co-Detection in Hospitalized Infants with Bronchiolitis and Implementation of Universal Nirsevimab Immunoprophylaxis: A Six-Year Observational Study.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Post-pandemic resurgence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and its emerging link with Rhinovirus in children.Infection · 2026Article
- Pharyngeal Microenvironment Associated with Human Rhinovirus Infection in Children: Insights from Metatranscriptomic Sequencing.NPJ biofilms and microbiomes · 2026Article
- The rhinovirus puzzle: Linking virus and host factors to childhood asthma.The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology · 2026Review
- Article
- The usual suspects: Respiratory syncytial virus and rhinovirus drive asthma development and exacerbation.Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology · 2025Review
- Insights into the relationship between nasal bacterial composition and susceptibility to early-life respiratory disease: a pilot observational study.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Clinical Significance of Rhinoviruses and Progress Toward Vaccination.Allergy, asthma & immunology research · 2025Review
98 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundDetection of either viral or bacterial pathogens is associated with wheezing in children; however, the influence of both bacteria and viruses on illness symptoms has not been described.
objectiveWe evaluated bacterial detection during the peak rhinovirus season in children with and without asthma to determine whether an association exists between bacterial infection and the severity of rhinovirus-induced illnesses.
methodsThree hundred eight children (166 with asthma and 142 without asthma) aged 4 to 12 years provided 5 consecutive weekly nasal samples during September and scored cold and asthma symptoms daily. Viral diagnostics and quantitative PCR for Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis were performed on all nasal samples.
resultsDetection rates were 53%, 17%, and 11% for H influenzae, S pneumoniae, and M catarrhalis, respectively, with detection of rhinovirus increasing the risk of detecting bacteria within the same sample (odds ratio [OR], 2.0; 95% CI, 1.4-2.7; P < .0001) or the following week (OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.1-2.4; P = .02). In the absence of rhinovirus, S pneumoniae was associated with increased cold symptoms (mean, 2.7 [95% CI, 2.0-3.5] vs 1.8 [95% CI, 1.5-2.2]; P = .006) and moderate asthma exacerbations (18% [95% CI, 12% to 27%] vs 9.2% [95% CI, 6.7% to 12%]; P = .006). In the presence of rhinovirus, S pneumoniae was associated with increased moderate asthma exacerbations (22% [95% CI, 16% to 29%] vs 15% [95% CI, 11% to 20%]; P = .01). Furthermore, M catarrhalis detected alongside rhinovirus increased the likelihood of experiencing cold symptoms, asthma symptoms, or both compared with isolated detection of rhinovirus (OR, 2.0 [95% CI, 1.0-4.1]; P = .04). Regardless of rhinovirus status, H influenzae was not associated with respiratory symptoms.
conclusionRhinovirus infection enhances detection of specific bacterial pathogens in children with and without asthma. Furthermore, these findings suggest that M catarrhalis and S pneumoniae contribute to the severity of respiratory tract illnesses, including asthma exacerbations.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.