ArticleBirth (Berkeley, Calif.)2014
Does a large infant head or a short perineal body increase the risk of obstetrical perineal trauma?
Article in Birth (Berkeley, Calif.), 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Advanced FE simulation coupled with statistical surrogate modeling toward a multifactorial view on the pelvic floor muscle damage and perineal tearing during childbirth.Medical & biological engineering & computing · 2026Article
- Perineal body length as a predictor of severe perineal lacerations in a Turkish obstetric cohort.Scientific reports · 2026Observational
- Risk factors for pelvic organ prolapse in postpartum women: a retrospective cross-sectional study in Southwest China.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Ultrasonographic study of female perineal body and its supportive function on pelvic floor.Frontiers in medicine · 2023Article
- Spontaneous Perineal Trauma during Non-Operative Childbirth-Retrospective Analysis of Perineal Laceration Risk Factors.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Relationship between Perineal Body Length and Degree of Perineal Tears in Primigravidas Undergoing Vaginal Delivery with Episiotomy.Obstetrics and gynecology international · 2021Article
- New approach to the evaluation of perineal measurements to predict the likelihood of the need for an episiotomy.International urogynecology journal · 2019Observational
- Pelvic floor symptoms and quality of life changes during first pregnancy: a prospective cohort study.International urogynecology journal · 2017Article
- Perineal body stretch during labor does not predict perineal laceration, postpartum incontinence, or postpartum sexual function: a cohort study.International urogynecology journal · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPerineal trauma after vaginal delivery can have significant long-term consequences. It is unknown if a larger infant head circumference or smaller maternal perineal anatomy are risk factors for perineal trauma after vaginal delivery.
methodsWe conducted a prospective cohort study of low-risk nulliparous women. Data collected included maternal characteristics, antepartum Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification measurements of the perineal body and genital hiatus, labor characteristics, perineal trauma, and infant head circumference. Perineal trauma was defined as trauma that extended into the muscles of the perineum (second-degree or deeper). Univariate and multivariate logistic models were created to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95 percent confidence intervals (CI).
resultsWe observed 448 vaginal births. Multivariate analysis demonstrated a significant association between infant head circumference at birth and perineal trauma: OR 1.22 for each increase of 1 cm in head circumference (95% CI 1.05-1.43). There was no association between perineal body or genital hiatus length and perineal trauma.
conclusionsIn nulliparous low-risk women a larger infant head circumference at birth increases the likelihood of perineal trauma, although the effect is modest. Antenatal perineal body and genital hiatus measurements do not predict perineal trauma. These results do not support alteration in mode of delivery or other obstetric practices.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.