ReviewAnnals of the New York Academy of Sciences2014
Hierarchical processing in music, language, and action: Lashley revisited.
Review in Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 93 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
93 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- The Role of the Right Language Network and the Multiple-Demand Network in Verbal Semantics: Insights From an Activation Likelihood Estimation Meta-Analysis of 561 Functional Neuroimaging Studies.Human brain mapping · 2025Pooled it
- Embodying Time in the Brain: A Multi-Dimensional Neuroimaging Meta-Analysis of 95 Duration Processing Studies.Neuropsychology review · 2024Pooled it
- Cortico-striatal network architecture shapes rhythmic biases in music.Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) · 2026Article
- Bidirectional Interactions Between Language and Music in a Dual Task Experiment Without Syntactic Violations.Cognitive science · 2026Article
- A language network in the individualized functional connectomes of 1199 human brains doing arbitrary tasks.Nature communications · 2026Article
- The Forms and Structures of Chimpanzee Algae Fishing.American journal of primatology · 2026Article
- Recursion beyond language: Lexical and arithmetic interference in visual hierarchical embedding.Psychological research · 2026Article
- Altered Hierarchical Visual Rhythm Tracking in Early Deafness.Research (Washington, D.C.) · 2026Article
- Building hierarchically nested structure by rapid neural sequences.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- The effect of background music on the recognition memory of spoken sentences.Attention, perception & psychophysics · 2025Article
- The impact of musical expertise on disentangled and contextual neural encoding of music revealed by generative music models.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Acquisition and Utilization of Recursive Rules in Motor Sequence Generation.Cognitive science · 2025Article
- Brain activation for language and its relationship to cognitive and linguistic measures.Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) · 2025Article
- Humans may not have a uniquely enhanced sequence memory: sequence discrimination is facilitated by causal-logical framing in humans and chimpanzees.Royal Society open science · 2025Article
- The shared genetic architecture and evolution of human language and musical rhythm.Nature human behaviour · 2025Article
- Two-dimensional neural geometry underpins hierarchical organization of sequence in human working memory.Nature human behaviour · 2025Article
- Not primed to agree? Short or no effect of rhythmic priming on typical adults processing number agreement.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
- A bounded hierarchy framework for the evolution of syntax.Biology & philosophy · 2025Article
- The role of musical aspects of language in human cognition.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Review
- Review
33 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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2 authors.
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Abstract
Sixty years ago, Karl Lashley suggested that complex action sequences, from simple motor acts to language and music, are a fundamental but neglected aspect of neural function. Lashley demonstrated the inadequacy of then-standard models of associative chaining, positing a more flexible and generalized "syntax of action" necessary to encompass key aspects of language and music. He suggested that hierarchy in language and music builds upon a more basic sequential action system, and provided several concrete hypotheses about the nature of this system. Here, we review a diverse set of modern data concerning musical, linguistic, and other action processing, finding them largely consistent with an updated neuroanatomical version of Lashley's hypotheses. In particular, the lateral premotor cortex, including Broca's area, plays important roles in hierarchical processing in language, music, and at least some action sequences. Although the precise computational function of the lateral prefrontal regions in action syntax remains debated, Lashley's notion-that this cortical region implements a working-memory buffer or stack scannable by posterior and subcortical brain regions-is consistent with considerable experimental data.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.