ArticlePediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany)2014
Urinary citrate excretion in healthy children depends on age and gender.
Article in Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany), 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 54 citations in OpenAlex.
- Dietary management of hypocitraturia in children with urolithiasis: results from a systematic review.World journal of urology · 2023Pooled it
- Urolithiasis in Children-Clinical Picture, Pathogenesis, and Diagnostic Approach.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- 6-year treatment follow-up with an extended-release alkaline formulation (SibnayalOrphanet journal of rare diseases · 2025Article
- Metabolic transition from childhood to adulthood based on two decades of biochemical time series in three longitudinal cohorts.International journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Metabolic and Genetic Evaluation in Children with Nephrolithiasis.Indian journal of pediatrics · 2022Article
- Childhood diabetes mellitus and early-onset kidney diseases later in life: a nationwide population-based matched cohort study.BMC medicine · 2022Article
- A Comparison of Mother's Milk and the Neonatal Urine Metabolome: A Unique Fingerprinting for Different Nutritional Phenotypes.Metabolites · 2022Article
- Composition of urinary stones in children: clinical and metabolic determinants in a French tertiary care center.European journal of pediatrics · 2021Article
- Age-Specific Excretion of Calcium, Oxalate, Citrate, and Glycosaminoglycans and Their Ratios in Healthy Children and Children with Urolithiasis.Biomolecules · 2021Article
- The Ferric Citrate Uptake System Encoded in a NovelFrontiers in microbiology · 2021Article
- Efficacy and safety of an innovative prolonged-release combination drug in patients with distal renal tubular acidosis: an open-label comparative trial versus standard of care treatments.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2021Article
- Nephrocalcinosis and Renal Dysfunction in Pediatric Intestinal Failure.Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition · 2020Article
- Influence of Sex on Urinary Organic Acids: A Cross-Sectional Study in Children.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Article
- Comparison of Risk Factors for Pediatric Kidney Stone Formation: The Effects of Sex.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2019Article
- Urinary stone risk factors in the descendants of patients with kidney stone disease.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2018Article
- Plasma citrate concentration: a possible biomarker for glaucoma in children.BMJ paediatrics open · 2017Article
- Calcium oxalate urolithiasis in children: urinary promoters/inhibitors and role of their ratios.European journal of pediatrics · 2016Article
- The current status of preventive measures for urinary calculi in children.Therapeutic advances in urologyReview
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundHypocitraturia is considered a major risk factor for calcium stone formation. However, there is no widely accepted reference database of urinary citrate excretion in children. The aim of our study was to determine the amount of citrate eliminated in the urine over a 24-h period in a pediatric cohort and to determine an optimal unit reflecting excretion.
methodsThe study cohort comprised 2,334 healthy boys and girls aged 2-18 years. The levels of urinary citrate were assessed by an enzymatic method in 24-hour urine and expressed in absolute values, as urinary concentration, citrate/creatinine ratio, per kilogram of body weight, in relation to 1.73 m2, and as the calcium/citrate index.
resultsSimilar incremental age-related citraturia rates were observed in both male and female subjects until puberty during which time citrate excretion became significantly higher in girls. Urinary citrate adjusted for creatinine and for body weight showed a significantly decreasing trend with increasing age in both sexes. Urinary citrate corrected for body surface was weakly correlated with age. Thus, the assumption of 180 mg/1.73 m2/24 h for males and 250 mg/1.73 m2/24 h for females as lower cut-off values appeared to be reliable from a practical perspective.
conclusionsWe found distinct sex-dependent differences in citraturia at the start of puberty, with significantly higher values of urinary citrate in girls than in boys. Further prospective studies are warranted to elucidate whether this difference represents a differentiated risk of urolithiasis.
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