Trial reportPloS one2014
Cerebrospinal fluid immunoglobulin kappa light chain in clinically isolated syndrome and multiple sclerosis.
Trial report in PloS one, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 87 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Use of Kappa Free Light Chains to Diagnose Multiple Sclerosis.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2022Pooled it
- CSF κ-Free light chain index in suspected multiple sclerosis: diagnostic performance vs. Oligoclonal bands and alignment with 2017/2024 McDonald criteria.Acta neurologica Belgica · 2026Article
- Kappa free light chain index in multiple sclerosis and other inflammatory CNS diseases: a pilot single-center study from Argentina.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- KFLC to Total CSF Protein Ratio Is an Alternative to KFLC Index to Diagnose Multiple Sclerosis: A Retrospective Study of 814 Cases.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- Pediatric multiple sclerosis: Improving outcome through high-efficacy therapies.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2025Review
- How Early Is Early Multiple Sclerosis?Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Review
- An Updated Evaluation of Intrathecal IgG Synthesis Markers in Relation to Oligoclonal Bands.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Establishing the best combination of the kappa free light chain index and oligoclonal bands for an accurate diagnosis of multiple sclerosis.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Kappa free light chains index in multiple sclerosis very long-term prognosis.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Observational
- High levels of kappa free light chain synthesis predict cognitive decline in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Kappa Free Light Chain Biomarkers Are Efficient for the Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis: A Large Multicenter Cohort Study.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2023Article
- Cerebrospinal fluid kappa free light chains as biomarker in multiple sclerosis-from diagnosis to prediction of disease activity.Wiener medizinische Wochenschrift (1946) · 2022Review
- Experimental laboratory biomarkers in multiple sclerosis.Wiener medizinische Wochenschrift (1946) · 2022Review
- Intrathecal B cell-related markers for an optimized biological investigation of multiple sclerosis patients.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- A Scoping Review on Body Fluid Biomarkers for Prognosis and Disease Activity in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis.Journal of personalized medicine · 2022Article
- Biological Markers in Early Multiple Sclerosis: the Paved Way for Radiologically Isolated Syndrome.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Review
- Kappa-Free Light Chains in CSF Predict Early Multiple Sclerosis Disease Activity.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2021Article
- Evaluation of Kappa Index as a Tool in the Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis: Implementation in Routine Screening Procedure.Frontiers in neurology · 2021Article
- Intrathecal kappa free light chains as markers for multiple sclerosis.Scientific reports · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundOligoclonal bands (OCB) are the most widely used CSF test to support the diagnosis of MS and to predict conversion of clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) to multiple sclerosis (MS). Since OCB tests are based on non-quantitative and difficult to standardise techniques, measurement of immunoglobulin kappa free light chains (KFLC) may represent an easier to use quantitative test.
methodsKFLC were measured in CSF and serum of 211 patients using ELISA. These include patients without any inflammatory central nervous system reaction (NIND, n = 77), MS (n = 20), viral CNS infections (V-CNS-I, n = 10), neuroborreliosis (NB, n = 17) and other bacterial CNS infections (B-CNS-I, n = 10). Furthermore a cohort of 77 patients with CIS, including 39 patients that remained CIS over follow-up of two years (CIS-CIS) and 38 patients that developed MS over the same follow-up time (CIS-MS).
resultsCSF-serum ratio of KFLC (Q KFLC) was elevated in all patients with MS, 86.8% of patients with CIS-MS and 61.5% of patients with CIS-CIS. It was significantly elevated in CIS with presence of OCB (p<0.001). Q KFLC significantly correlated with other CSF variables such as CSF leukocyte count (p<0.001, R = 0.46), CSF CXCL13 levels (p<0.001, R = 0.64) and also intrathecal IgG synthesis (p<0.001, R = 0.74) as determined by nephelometry and quotient diagram. OCB were detected in 66.7% of CIS-CIS and in 92.1% of CIS-MS.
conclusionsAlthough the measurement of CSF KFLC is a rapid and quantitative easy to standardize tool, it is almost equal but not superior to OCB with regard to diagnostic sensitivity and specificity in patients with early MS.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.