ArticleThe Journal of investigative dermatology2014
Fetal human keratinocytes produce large amounts of antimicrobial peptides: involvement of histone-methylation processes.
Article in The Journal of investigative dermatology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 54 citations in OpenAlex.
- Fibroblast Lineage Switching as the Developmental Origin of Scarring and Target for Regenerative Healing.Biology · 2026Review
- Antimicrobial proteins and peptides in pregnancy: Guardians of the maternal-fetal frontier.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Antimicrobial peptides: from discovery to developmental applications.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2025Review
- Antimicrobial Peptides: Mechanisms, Applications, and Therapeutic Potential.Infection and drug resistance · 2025Review
- Antimicrobial Peptides: The Game-Changer in the Epic Battle Against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Understanding the Dynamics of Human Defensin Antimicrobial Peptides: Pathogen Resistance and Commensal Induction.Applied biochemistry and biotechnology · 2024Review
- Antimicrobial peptide-based strategies to overcome antimicrobial resistance.Archives of microbiology · 2024Review
- Identification of human host factors required for beta-defensin-2 expression in intestinal epithelial cells upon a bacterial challenge.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- LL-37: Structures, Antimicrobial Activity, and Influence on Amyloid-Related Diseases.Biomolecules · 2024Review
- Antimicrobial Peptides in Early-Life Host Defense, Perinatal Infections, and Necrotizing Enterocolitis-An Update.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Review
- The Role of Antimicrobial Peptides as Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Agents in Tackling the Silent Pandemic of Antimicrobial Resistance.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Antimicrobial Mechanisms and Clinical Application Prospects of Antimicrobial Peptides.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Polymeric Coatings and Antimicrobial Peptides as Efficient Systems for Treating Implantable Medical Devices Associated-Infections.Polymers · 2022Review
- Histones: The critical players in innate immunity.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Epigenetic Regulation of Host Defense Peptide Synthesis: Synergy Between Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors and DNA/Histone Methyltransferase Inhibitors.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Regulatory Roles of Antimicrobial Peptides in the Nervous System: Implications for Neuronal Aging.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2022Review
- Role of Epigenetics in the Regulation of Immune Functions of the Skin.The Journal of investigative dermatology · 2021Review
- Antimicrobial Peptides: Classification, Design, Application and Research Progress in Multiple Fields.Frontiers in microbiology · 2020Review
- Prediction of crucial epigenetically‑associated, differentially expressed genes by integrated bioinformatics analysis and the identification of S100A9 as a novel biomarker in psoriasis.International journal of molecular medicine · 2020Article
- Development of a Cell-Based High-Throughput Screening Assay to Identify Porcine Host Defense Peptide-Inducing Compounds.Journal of immunology research · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), an important part of the innate immune system, are crucial for defense against invading microorganisms. Whereas AMPs have been extensively studied in adult skin, little is known about the impact of AMPs in the developing human skin. We therefore compared the expression and regulation of AMPs in fetal, neonatal, and adult keratinocytes (KCs) in vitro. The constitutive expression of human β-defensin-2 (HBD-2), HBD-3, S100 protein family members, and cathelicidin was significantly higher in KCs from fetal skin than in KCs from postnatal skin. The capacity to further increase AMP production was comparable between prenatal and postnatal KCs. Analysis of skin equivalents (SEs) revealed a strong constitutive expression of S100 proteins in fetal but not in neonatal and adult SEs. The elevated AMP levels correlated with reduced H3K27me3 (tri-methyl-lysine 27 on histone H3) levels and increased expression of the histone demethylase JMJD3. Knockdown of JMJD3 in fetal KCs elevated H3K27me3 levels and significantly downregulated the expression of HBD-3, S100A7, S100A8, S100A9, and cathelicidin. Our data indicate a crucial contribution of histone modifications in the regulation of AMP expression in the skin during ontogeny. The elevated AMP expression in prenatal skin might represent an essential defense strategy of the unborn.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.