ArticleAmerican journal of epidemiology2014
Age, period, and cohort effects in psychological distress in the United States and Canada.
Article in American journal of epidemiology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 108 citations in OpenAlex.
- An integrative literature review of birth cohort and time period trends in adolescent depression in the United States.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2024Pooled it
- Insights into neuroscience from the representative birth cohort samples of a multidisciplinary longitudinal study.Acta neuropsychiatrica · 2026Review
- Changes in the risk of depression in older adults in Poland from 2010 to 2019: results of two nationwide surveys.BMC geriatrics · 2025Article
- Beyond Anxiety and Depression: Multidimensional Psychiatric Screening for Neurological Patients Based on HADS and BSI-53.Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment · 2025Article
- Multiple chronic diseases and psychological distress among adults in the United States: the intersectionality of chronic diseases, race/ethnicity, immigration, sex, and insurance coverage.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2025Article
- A qualitative study of young workers' experience of the psychosocial work environment and how this affects their mental health.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Mental health of Canadian Armed Forces Veterans: Review of population studies.Journal of military, veteran and family health · 2024Review
- Review
- Gender differences in the prevalence of mental distress in East and West Germany over time: a hierarchical age-period-cohort analysis, 2006-2021.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2024Article
- Unpacking Psychological Vulnerabilities in Deaths of Despair.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Age, Period, and Cohort Trends in Perceived Mental Health Treatment Need and Differences by Mental Health Severity in the United States, 2008-2019.Community mental health journal · 2023Article
- [Mental health surveillance at the Robert Koch Institute - strategies for monitoring the mental health of the population].Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz · 2023Review
- Polygenic risk scores for schizophrenia and major depression are associated with socio-economic indicators of adversity in two British community samples.Translational psychiatry · 2022Article
- Job loss and psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic: Longitudinal Analysis from residents in nine predominantly African American low-income neighborhoods.Health economics · 2022Article
- Psychological distress from early adulthood to early old age: evidence from the 1946, 1958 and 1970 British birth cohorts.Psychological medicine · 2022Article
- Mental distress among young adults in Great Britain: long-term trends and early changes during the COVID-19 pandemic.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2022Article
- Age, Period, and Cohort Effects of Internalizing Symptoms Among US Students and the Influence of Self-Reported Frequency of Attaining 7 or More Hours of Sleep: Results From the Monitoring the Future Survey 1991-2019.American journal of epidemiology · 2022Article
- How is the distribution of psychological distress changing over time? Who is driving these changes? Analysis of the 1958 and 1970 British birth cohorts.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2022Article
- An Age-Period-Cohort Approach to Analyse Late-Life Depression Prevalence in Six European Countries, 2004-2016.European journal of population = Revue europeenne de demographie · 2022Article
- Psychological Distress Among Asian Indians and Non-Hispanic Whites in the United States.Health equity · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Although treatment utilization for depression and anxiety symptoms has increased substantially in the United States and elsewhere, it remains unclear whether the underlying population distribution of psychological distress is changing over time. We estimated age, period, and cohort effects using data from 2 countries over more than 20 years, including National Health Interview Surveys from 1997 to 2010 (n = 447,058) and Canadian Community Health Surveys from 2000 to 2007 (n = 125,306). Psychological distress was measured with the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale. By period, both countries showed the highest levels of psychological distress in 2001 and the lowest levels in 2007. By age, psychological distress was highest in adolescence and during the late 40s and early 50s. By cohort, Canadian Community Health Survey results indicated a decreasing cohort effect among those born in 1922-1925 through 1935-1939 (β = -0.36, 95% confidence interval: -0.45, -0.27) and then a continuously increasing cohort effect during the remainder of the 20th century through 1989-1992 (β = 0.49, 95% confidence interval: 0.38, 0.61). The National Health Interview Survey data captured earlier-born cohorts and indicated an increased cohort effect for the earliest born (for 1912-1914, β = 0.44, 95% confidence interval: 0.26, 0.61). In sum, individuals in the oldest and more recently born birth cohorts have higher mean psychological distress symptoms compared with those born in midcentury, underscoring the importance of a broad, population-level lens for conceptualizing mental health.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.