ArticleEuropean journal of nutrition2015
Formula-feeding is associated with shift towards Th1 cytokines.
Article in European journal of nutrition, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- The impact of environmental pollution on the quality of mother's milk.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2019Pooled it
- Maternal breastfeeding and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children: a meta-analysis.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2019Pooled it
- Effects of osteopontin-enriched formula on lymphocyte subsets in the first 6 months of life: a randomized controlled trial.Pediatric research · 2017Trial
- The effects of formula milk on development, nutrient absorption, and immune characteristics of piglets.BMC genomics · 2025Article
- Infant feeding method and special educational need in 191,745 Scottish schoolchildren: A national, population cohort study.PLoS medicine · 2023Article
- Season of birth is associated with multiple sclerosis and disease severity.Multiple sclerosis journal - experimental, translational and clinical · 2021Article
- Necrotizing enterocolitis induces T lymphocyte-mediated injury in the developing mammalian brain.Science translational medicine · 2021Article
- Article
- The human intestinal microbiome at extreme ages of life. Dietary intervention as a way to counteract alterations.Frontiers in genetics · 2014Review
- Breastfeeding is associated with reduced risk of multiple sclerosis in males, predominantly among HLA-DRB1*15:01 carriers.Multiple sclerosis journal - experimental, translational and clinicalArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeBreast-feeding (BF) versus formula-feeding (FF) may be a factor for the development and differentiation of T-cell subsets and cytokine production in infancy and childhood. We therefore investigated T-cell subpopulations and their cytokine production by flow cytometry as well as cytokine levels in serum samples in breast-fed versus formula-fed infants and children.
methodsHeparinised blood was taken from 191 healthy infants and children. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated with phorbol-mystriate-acetate and ionomycin in the presence of brefeldin. T-cell subsets and cytokines were determined by flow cytometry. Furthermore, serum concentrations of IFNγ and IL4 were measured using ELISA. An IFNγ/IL4 ratio was calculated to estimate the Th1/Th2 balance.
resultsChildren who were formula-fed show higher numbers of memory T and T helper cells. After stimulation, the number of IFNγ-positive memory T-cells was increased up to the age of 6 years. Breast-fed infants show higher percentages of IL4-positive T helper cells. At ELISA determination, formula-fed children showed higher IFNγ levels than breast-fed children, while IL4 levels did not differ. The IFNγ/IL4 ratio (FACS and ELISA) was elevated in formula-fed infants and children.
conclusionThis systematic analysis of cytokine profiles during childhood in dependency of BF allows a better understanding of immune maturation and demonstrates the influence of early feeding on immune function throughout childhood, even after cessation of BF. FF induces a shift towards Th1 cytokines in children. This may have an influence on the development of autoimmune disease in later life.
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